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非核化達成のための要因分析と技術的プロセスに関する研究; 旧ソ連3か国の非核化

Research on factor analysis and technical process for achieving denuclearization; Denuclearization of Former Soviet Union (Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine)

田崎 真樹子 ; 木村 隆志 ; 清水 亮 ; 中谷 隆良 ; 須田 一則 

Tazaki, Makiko; Kimura, Takashi; Shimizu, Ryo; Nakatani, Takayoshi; Suda, Kazunori

2018年度に開始した「非核化達成のための要因分析と技術的プロセスに関する研究」の一環として、旧ソ連3か国(ベラルーシ、カザフスタン及びウククライナ)の非核化事例を調査して8つの非核化要因から分析すると共に、非核化の特徴及び教訓を考察した。3か国の非核化プロセスは国毎に異なり、特にウクライナの非核化プロセスは紆余曲折を経たが、共通項としては、核兵器国全てが安全の保証(assurance)を提供し、それをもって3か国は戦略核を露国に搬出し、非核兵器国として核兵器不拡散条約(NPT)に加入したこと、またその決断には、米露が非核化の経済的・物理的支援をしたことが功を奏したことが挙げられる。更にこの3か国の非核化の特徴としては、米国の巧みな非核化戦略を挙げることができる。米国は、この3か国が露国同様START-Iの当事国であるとの主張を支持して、最終的に第一次戦略兵器削減条約(START-I)の枠組みで3か国からの戦略核兵器の露国への搬出及びその後の露国での廃棄を達成した。また旧ソ連3か国の非核化からの教訓としては、非核化対象国への安全の保証(assurance)の提供は非核化の強力なインセンティブであるが、露国による2014年のクリミア併合及び2022年2月からのウクライナへの軍事侵攻を鑑みると、今後、将来的な非核化では、非核化対象国がより強固な安全の保証(guarantee)を求めるであろうと予想されることである。更に非核化に関しては、関係国の大統領・首脳の強力なイニシアティブが必要であること、また核兵器国が非核兵器国に非核化を求めるならば、核兵器国自身も核軍縮に対する積極的な取組を示す等の必要性があろう。

As part of the "Research on Factor Analysis and Technical Processes for Achieving Denuclearization", we investigated denuclearization cases in three former Soviet Union countries, namely Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, and analyzed the cases by eight denuclearization factors. We then considered the characteristics and lessons learned from such denuclearization. The denuclearization processes of the three countries differed from country to country, and Ukraine's denuclearization process in particular went through many twists and turns. However, the common factor was that all nuclear-weapon states provided security assurances to the three countries and as a result, they transferred strategic nuclear weapons to Russia and joined the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) as non-nuclear weapon states. Such decision was partly made possible by the economic and physical assistance provided by the United States and Russia for denuclearization. Furthermore, one of the characteristics of the denuclearization of the three countries is the US's skillful denuclearization strategy toward the three countries. The United States supported the claims that the three countries, like Russia, were parties to the First Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START-I), and ultimately allowed them to transfer strategic nuclear warheads to Russia within the framework of START-I and the subsequently achieved the disposal of the warheads in Russia. Furthermore, as a lesson from the denuclearization of the three countries, providing security assurance to denuclearized countries is a strong incentive for denuclearization. However, considering Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014 and military invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, countries which are required denuclearization will seek stronger security guarantees from nuclear-weapon states. Another lesson is that it is necessary to have a strong presidential initiative the countries concerned.

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