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早川 頌*; 山本 耀二郎*; 沖田 泰良*; 板倉 充洋; 鈴木 克幸*
Computational Materials Science, 218, p.111987_1 - 111987_10, 2023/02
被引用回数：1 パーセンタイル：13.38(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)On-the-fly kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC), a computational technique for atomistic simulations, has attracted attention because it increases the simulation timescale beyond that of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations while maintaining atomistic fidelity. However, for most kMC methods, when events with high and low activation energies coexist in the event list, trivial events with extremely low activation energies that do not essentially affect the phenomena of interest, so-called flicker events, are frequently selected, making it challenging to observe the key dynamics. In this study, we use Self-Evolving Atomistic kMC (SEAKMC), one of the on-the-fly kMC methods, to model the unstable-to-stable transformations of irregular three-dimensional self-interstitial-atom (SIA) clusters in Cu generated through collision cascade. By setting an activation energy threshold once every five steps, transformations into stable configurations are enhanced. The algorithm renders the simulation timescales one or two orders of magnitude longer than those possible with MD simulations. Further, the probability of transformations into stable configurations is increased by 40 times compared to that of the original SEAKMC method. In addition, we find that the stable configurations obtained by the transformation of the SIA clusters are mostly Frank loops. In summary, this new algorithm for the SEAKMC method helps to resolve the inefficiency of kMC methods resulting from the selection of flicker events and will aid the study of meso-timescale atomistic dynamics.
津川 聖人*; 早川 頌*; 沖田 泰良*; 愛知 正温*; 板倉 充洋; 鈴木 克幸*
Computational Materials Science, 215, p.111806_1 - 111806_8, 2022/12
被引用回数：2 パーセンタイル：26.88(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to evaluate the interactions between an edge dislocation and a rigid, impenetrable precipitate in Cu by changing the distance between the glide plane of the dislocation and the center of the precipitate (
). In these calculations, the precipitate was introduced as a super particle that moved according to the total force exerted by the matrix atoms on the precipitate atoms. When the center of the precipitate was close to the glide plane, an Orowan loop was formed around the precipitate after the dislocation detached, and the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) was similar to the value evaluated by the results at 
. However, when the glide plane was far from the center of the precipitate, either a vacancy loop or loops generated through the Hirsch mechanism were formed, depending on whether the center of the precipitate was below or above the glide plane. The magnitude of the CRSS was not symmetric about . This study confirmed that it is necessary to analyze the CRSS by changing to construct a predictive model for the hardening caused by the formation of lattice defects, and that precipitate hardening appears to be smaller than the value estimated using the results at .
津川 聖人*; 早川 頌*; 岩瀬 祐樹*; 沖田 泰良*; 鈴木 克幸*; 板倉 充洋; 愛知 正温*
Computational Materials Science, 210, p.111450_1 - 111450_9, 2022/07
被引用回数：8 パーセンタイル：73.15(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)Precipitation strengthening has been utilized to improve the properties of metallic materials so far. Since interactions between precipitates and dislocations are micro-mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon, a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is a powerful tool for quantifying this phenomenon. In this study, we introduced a method to simulate a rigid and impenetrable precipitate against a direct contact with a dislocation using a single interatomic potential representing the bulk material. The total force exerted on all atoms in the precipitate region was divided by the number of atoms in the region. This average force was then applied to each atom in the region to simulate one super particle that moved depending on the total force exerted by the matrix atoms on the precipitate atoms. We used MD simulations to quantify the interaction of a precipitate with an edge dislocation. After the dislocation overcame the precipitate, an Orowan loop was formed along the outer circumference of the precipitate. The energy of the loop was 2.1 
0.1 eV/b, which was higher than that obtained using the elasticity. The hardening caused by the precipitate was larger than that caused by voids of the same size. The proposed method can be applied to simulate interactions of precipitates with dislocations in any type of metallic material, especially when a dislocation bypasses a precipitate without changing its structure, except when a strong repulsive force acts between them.
森 承宇*; 松田 那由多*; 沖田 泰良*; 愛知 正温*; 板倉 充洋; 鈴木 克幸*
Materialia, 21, p.101371_1 - 101371_6, 2022/03
The nonlinear ultrasonic (NLU) technique is a nondestructive method for detecting nanostructure in crystalline materials. In this study, a method was developed to quantify the changes in NLU signals associated with nanostructure using molecular dynamics (MD). A nonreflective boundary, which reduces the computational cost to the first power of the wavelength, was used to achieve this. This method is distinct from previous studies using a conventional MD, for which the computational cost is proportional to the square of the wavelength. The nonreflective boundary eliminates the influence of reflected waves at the detection position by setting a buffer region at the end of the simulation cell opposite from the wave source, and periodically resetting the displacements and velocities of all atoms in this region. This method allows the introduction of elastic waves with wavelengths longer than the cell size, and only an extension of time is required, according to the extension of the wavelength, without increasing the cell size. Hence, it is possible to extend the NLU wavelength by approximately four orders of magnitude, which approaches the wavelengths used for inspections and, thus, to use MD to simulate the changes in the NLU signals induced by nanostructure. The NLU signal values obtained by the two methods were in good agreement for a perfect Fe crystal and a Fe crystal containing 1% monovacancies. No significant frequency dependence of the acoustic nonlinearity parameter was found at 0 K. This method will contribute to the development of an inspection technique based on scientific principles.
沖田 泰良*; 寺山 怜志*; 津川 聖人*; 小林 恵太; 奥村 雅彦; 板倉 充洋; 鈴木 克幸*
Computational Materials Science, 202, p.110865_1 - 110865_9, 2022/02
被引用回数：7 パーセンタイル：47.03(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)In this study, a Neural Network Potential (NNP) using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was developed for Zr, which is used as fuel cladding material in light water reactors. The reference data were obtained through first-principles calculations of various quantities, such as strained hexagonal-closed-packed (hcp) cells, strained face-centered cubic cells, cells containing a vacancy, several vacancies, and surfaces and 
-surface energy on all five slip planes in the hcp structures. These data were converted to training data for the ANN, which were invariant to the rotation and translation of the atoms and independent of the number of atoms in the cells. The ANN was defined as a three-layer structure and the number of the nodes was set to 26-12-18-1. The NNP reproduced the first-principles calculations, particularly for the shear deformation, vacancy formation energy, surface energy, and -surface energy, with much higher accuracy than any of the existing potentials that have been developed for classical molecular dynamics simulations. The NNP was applied to identify the formation process of c-type dislocation loops in Zr, which is a key microstructure responsible for abrupt increases in hydrogen absorption. The formation process was determined by the balance of the vacancy formation energy, surface energy and the -surface energy on the basal plane, both of which were precisely reproduced only by the NNP developed in this study. The formation process was identified based on the atomistic behavior of the NNP.
寺山 怜志*; 岩瀬 祐樹*; 早川 頌*; 沖田 泰良*; 板倉 充洋; 鈴木 克幸*
Computational Materials Science, 195, p.110479_1 - 110479_12, 2021/07
被引用回数：9 パーセンタイル：56.23(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)Austenitic stainless steels, which are used as incore structural materials in light water reactors, are characterized by an extremely low stacking fault energy (SFE) among face-centered cubic (FCC) metals. To evaluate the effects of SFE on defect formation under high-energy particle irradiation, molecular dynamics simulations were performed using the interatomic potential sets for FCC metals with different SFEs and a primary knock-on atom energy (E
) of 100 keV at 600 K. The results show that the number of residual defects is independent of the SFE. However, the characteristics of self-interstitial atom (SIA) clusters do depend on the SFE. For clusters smaller than a certain size, the ratio of glissile SIA clusters decreases as the SFE increases, which is similar to the trend observed at the low E. However, for larger clusters, which can be detected only at a high E, the ratio of glissile clusters increases. These results correspond to static energy calculations, in which the difference in the formation energy between a Frank loop and perfect loop (
E
) for the small clusters decreases as the SFE increases. In contrast, for the larger clusters, the SFE dependence of E changes due to the shape restrictions of stable perfect loops. At a high temperature of 600 K, large vacancy clusters with stacking faults can be detected at E = 100 keV, resulting in the enhanced formation of these clusters at lower SFEs. Furthermore, several of these clusters were similar to perfect loops, with the edges split into two partial dislocations with stacking faults, although the largest clusters detected at low Es were similar to stacking fault tetrahedrons.
早川 頌*; 土井原 康平*; 沖田 泰良*; 板倉 充洋; 愛知 正温*; 鈴木 克幸*
Journal of Materials Science, 54(17), p.11509 - 11525, 2019/09
被引用回数：15 パーセンタイル：55.67(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)We performed molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate the effects of stacking fault energy (SFE) on interactions between a screw dislocation and spherical voids in face-centered cubic (fcc) metals. It was observed that the frequency of the cross-slips is a critical factor affecting the interaction, with primarily three different interaction morphologies being observed: (1) the two partial dislocations detach from the void independently with a time lag, (2) the two partial dislocations detach from the void almost simultaneously on a single slip plane, and (3) the two partial dislocations detach from the void almost simultaneously while involving more than one cross-slip and a jog formation. The magnitude of the critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) increases in the order mentioned above. The CRSS values for interaction morphology (2), which was observed most frequently in this study, were in good agreement with those predicted analytically by adjusting the parameters dependent on the SFE. Based on the obtained results, we discussed the applicability of the analytical model for void hardening in fcc metals. The results of this work contribute significantly to the modeling of mechanical property degradation in irradiated metals.
早川 頌*; 沖田 泰良*; 板倉 充洋; 川畑 友弥*; 鈴木 克幸*
Journal of Materials Science, 54(16), p.11096 - 11110, 2019/08
被引用回数：11 パーセンタイル：44.84(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)We performed molecular dynamics simulations of displacement cascades in FCC metals under Poisson's deformation using interatomic potentials differing in stacking fault energy (SFE), in order to investigate the effect of tensile strain on the SFE dependence of defect formation processes. There was no clear SFE dependence of the number of residual defects and the size distribution of defect clusters under both no strain and the applied strain, while the strain enhanced the defect formation to a certain extent. We also observed that the strain affected the formations of self-interstitial atom (SIA) clusters depending on their size and the Burgers vector. These results were consistent with the analysis based on the defect formation energies. Meanwhile, the number of SIA perfect loops was higher at lower SFE under both no strain and the applied strain, leading to an increase in the ratio of glissile SIA clusters with a decrease in SFE. Further, the absolute number of SIA perfect loops was increased by the applied strain, while the SFE dependence of the number of SIA perfect loops was not affected. These findings were associated with the difference in formation energy between an SIA perfect loop and an SIA Frank loop. The insights extracted from this study significantly contribute to the modeling of microstructural evolution in nuclear materials under irradiation, especially for low SFE metals such as austenitic stainless steels.
中西 大貴*; 川畑 友弥*; 土井原 康平*; 沖田 泰良*; 板倉 充洋; 鈴木 克幸*
Philosophical Magazine, 98(33), p.3034 - 3047, 2018/09
被引用回数：10 パーセンタイル：47.24(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)原子炉内部で使用されるオーステナイト鋼は積層欠陥エネルギーが低いことで知られ、そのため積層欠陥を伴う照射欠陥クラスタが大きくなることが予想される。この傾向を定量評価するため、FCC金属のモデルポテンシャルにおいて積層欠陥エネルギーだけを変化させたものを用い照射欠陥生成の分子動力学シミュレーションを様々な温度において実行し、生成した照射欠陥クラスタの種類と数を調べた。その結果移動可能な格子間原子クラスタの生成数が積層欠陥エネルギーとともに大きく変化することが見出された。
早川 頌*; 沖田 泰良*; 板倉 充洋; 愛知 正温*; 鈴木 克幸*
Philosophical Magazine, 98(25), p.2311 - 2325, 2018/06
被引用回数：8 パーセンタイル：40.32(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)BCC鉄における格子間原子クラスタは容易方向へのすべり運動とは別に垂直方向への保存的上昇運動を行い、これにより三次元的な運動を行う。この拡散の三次元性は転位への吸収確率に大きく影響し、材料のスエリングなどの照射劣化挙動を左右する。この保存的上昇運動を分子動力学計算とモンテカルロ計算を組み合わせた手法で解析し、移動障壁エネルギーを評価したところ、従来の弾性理論により予想されていた値よりはるかに大きい値が得られた。
土井原 康平*; 沖田 泰良*; 板倉 充洋; 愛知 正温*; 鈴木 克幸*
Philosophical Magazine, 98(22), p.2061 - 2076, 2018/05
被引用回数：20 パーセンタイル：70.88(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)原子炉材料、特に炉内構造材のオーステナイトの照射脆化を評価する際に、オーステナイトの特徴である低い積層欠陥エネルギーの影響を評価する必要がある。本研究では積層欠陥エネルギーだけを変化させたFCC金属のモデルポテンシャルを用いて転位とボイドの相互作用形態を評価し、ボイドの大きさと積層欠陥エネルギーの値によって様々な相互作用形態があることを見出した。
吉田 由香里*; 鈴木 義行*; Al-Jahdari, W. S.*; 浜田 信行*; 舟山 知夫; 白井 克幸*; 加藤 弘之*; 坂下 哲哉; 小林 泰彦; 中野 隆史*
Journal of Radiation Research, 53(1), p.87 - 92, 2012/02
被引用回数：8 パーセンタイル：41.78(Biology)To clarify the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values of carbon ion (C) beams in normal brain tissues, a rat organotypic slice culture system was used. The cerebellum was dissected from 10-day-old Wistar rats, cut parasagittally into approximately 600-
m-thick slices and cultivated using a membrane-based culture system with a liquid-air interface. Slices were irradiated with 140 kV X-rays and 18.3 MeV/amu C-beams (linear energy transfer = 108 keV/m). After irradiation, the slices were evaluated histopathologically using hematoxylin and eosin staining, and apoptosis was quantified using the TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Disorganization of the external granule cell layer (EGL) and apoptosis of the external granule cells (EGCs) were induced within 24 h after exposure to doses of more than 5 Gy from C-beams and X-rays. In the early postnatal cerebellum, morphological changes following exposure to C-beams were similar to those following exposure to X-rays. The RBEs values of C-beams using the EGL disorganization and the EGC TUNEL index endpoints ranged from 1.4 to 1.5. This system represents a useful model for assaying the biological effects of radiation on the brain, especially physiological and time-dependent phenomena.
神沼 拓也*; 鈴木 義行*; 白井 克幸*; 水井 利幸*; 野田 真永*; 吉田 由香里*; 舟山 知夫; 高橋 健夫*; 小林 泰彦; 白尾 智明*; et al.
Journal of Radiation Research, 51(6), p.627 - 631, 2010/11
被引用回数：9 パーセンタイル：33.81(Biology)The direct biological effects of radiation, particularly accelerated heavy particle ions, on neurons are not fully known. Hence, the direct effect of carbon-ion beams on immature neurons was investigated by comparing to the effect of X-rays 
using primary hippocampal neurons. Primary neurons were prepared from hippocampi of fetal rats at embryonic day 18 from timed pregnant Wistar rats and cultured with Banker's methods. At 7 Days 
(DIV), the cells were irradiated with 140 kV X-ray and 18.3 MeV/amu carbon-ion beams (LET = 108 keV/m). The cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde at 12 hours after irradiation. Then, the cells were treated with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and DAPI staining for measuring the percentage of apoptosis (apoptotic index: AI). AI in sham-irradiated hippocampal neurons was 18%. The value of AI (AIs) of the cells irradiated with X-rays at 10 or 30 Gy were 15% or 23%, respectively. AI in cells irradiated with carbon-ion beams at 1 Gy, 3 Gy, 5 Gy and 10 Gy were 22%, 23%, 24% and 33%, respectively. AI was significantly increased by carbon-ion beams at 10 Gy (p 
0.001). The apoptosis of hippocampal neurons increased in a dose-dependent manner following both X-ray and carbon-ion beams irradiation. Carbon-ion beams were about 10-fold more effective than X-rays for apoptosis induction in immature hippocampal neurons.
立川 崇之; 中島 康平*; 手島 直哉; Kim, G.; 鈴木 喜雄; 武宮 博; 林 伸彦; 射場 克幸*
Proceedings of 3rd International Joint Conference on Computational Sciences and Optimization (CSO 2010), p.322 - 326, 2010/05
We have developed the Simple Orchestration Application Framework (SOAF) on a grid infrastructure to control cooperative and multiple execution of simulation codes on remote computers from a client PC. SOAF enables researchers to generate a scenario of their executions by only describing a configuration file which includes the information of execution codes and file flows among them. SOAF does not need substantial modification of the simulation codes. We have applied SOAF to the "Burning Plasma Integrated Code" which consists of various plasma simulation codes which exist on distributed heterogeneous computers located in different sites. We succeeded in cooperative and concurrent execution of four plasma simulation codes without substantial modification.
戸塚 俊之; 鈴木 喜雄; 坂田 信也; 大島 貴幸; 射場 克幸*
Fusion Engineering and Design, 83(2-3), p.287 - 290, 2008/04
被引用回数：1 パーセンタイル：10.01(Nuclear Science & Technology)六ヶ所村からネットワーク経由でITERへ実験参加するシステムの構築が計画されており、ITERブローダーアプローチでは、JT-60SAを模擬ITERとして試験することが決められている。これを実現するために遠隔地からマン・マシンインターフェイス機能である放電条件の作成・参照や放電データの参照,運転状態の把握ができるシステムの開発を進めてきた。本報告では、新たに開発したパソコンのウェブブラウザ上で動作するJavaアプレットを利用した遠隔実験用JT-60マン・マシンインターフェイス機能の詳細について報告する。
鈴木 喜雄; 中島 康平; 櫛田 慶幸; 木野 千晶; 青柳 哲雄; 中島 憲宏; 射場 克幸*; 林 伸彦; 小関 隆久; 戸塚 俊之; et al.
Fusion Engineering and Design, 83(2-3), p.511 - 515, 2008/04
被引用回数：3 パーセンタイル：23.51(Nuclear Science & Technology)那珂核融合研究所と核融合科学研究所との共同研究により、システム計算科学センターでは、原子力グリッド基盤(AEGIS)をもとに、核融合研究の実験や解析のための統合フレームワークの確立を目指している。AEGISは、遠隔地の研究者が、インターネットを介して効率的,協調的に研究開発を実施可能とする基盤を提供することを目的にシステム計算科学センターにおいて開発が進められている。統合フレームワークの構築を目指し、われわれは、AEGISを既存の3つのシステム: 実験システム,遠隔データ収集システム,統合解析システムに適用している。実験システムに対しては、JT-60を用いた安全な遠隔実験システムを達成している。遠隔データ収集システムに対しては、LHDのデータ収集・管理システム(LABCOMシステム)とJT-60のデータシステムから得られる実験データを透過的に扱えるシステム構築を進めている。統合解析システムは、異なる研究機関にまたがって異機種計算機環境で実行可能なシステムへと拡張されている。
射場 克幸*; 小関 隆久; 戸塚 俊之; 鈴木 喜雄; 大島 貴幸; 坂田 信也; 佐藤 稔; 鈴木 光博; 濱松 清隆; 清野 公広
Fusion Engineering and Design, 83(2-3), p.495 - 497, 2008/04
被引用回数：4 パーセンタイル：29.44(Nuclear Science & Technology)核融合研究グリッドは遠隔地の研究者をネットワークで結び、時間・空間を越えて効率的な核融合の協力研究を可能とするための環境である。核融合研究グリッドの基盤技術は、文部科学省のe-Japanプロジェクトの下のVizGridプロジェクトによって、原子力機構で開発された。遠隔研究活動を支援する新しいシステムの必要性が求められており、遠隔実験,遠隔計測,遠隔解析環境が核融合研究グリッドとして開発された。開発された遠隔実験システムのプロトタイプは、すべてのユーザーが、SIネットのような閉じたネットワークを使わずに、どこからでもセキュリティーを保ちながら遠隔実験にアクセスできる。プロトタイプシステムは、JT-60Uの実験において検証され、その有効性が確認された。
鈴木 義行*; 吉田 由香里*; 白井 克幸*; 浜田 信行*; 水井 利幸*; 野田 真永*; 舟山 知夫; 坂下 哲哉; 小林 泰彦; 白尾 智明*; et al.
JAEA-Review 2006-042, JAEA Takasaki Annual Report 2005, P. 107, 2007/02
Damage to normal brain tissue caused by irradiation has not been studied in detail. In this study, we investigated the effect of X- and 
C-irradiation on cultured normal neurons (immature and mature) and cultured organotypic brain slice tissues. The radiosensitivity of immature neurons was significantly higher than that of mature neurons. The effect of C-irradiation on immature neurons was about 6 times higher than that of X-irradiation. In organotypic slice culture, X- and C-irradiation induced the remarkable morphological change, especially, in the external granule cell layer. The effect of C-irradiation was about 2 times higher than that of X-irradiation.
白井 克幸*; 水井 利幸*; 鈴木 義行*; 小林 泰彦; 中野 隆史*; 白尾 智明*
Neuroscience Letters, 399(1-2), p.57 - 60, 2006/05
被引用回数：22 パーセンタイル：34.89(Neurosciences)神経ニューロン原基細胞へのX線照射は成長後の脳の機能不全を引き起こしうる。しかし、発達期のニューロン細胞の放射線感受性の程度や、最も感受性の高い時期などの詳細についてはわかっていなかった。そこで、ラット胎児脳の海馬初代培養神経細胞を用いて、培養開始後7日目及び21日目に30GyのX線を照射し、照射の12時間後あるいは24時間後に固定、細胞の形態変化やアポトーシス誘発を調べた。その結果、培養7日目の細胞に比べて、より成熟した培養21日目の細胞は感受性が有意に低く、発達期のニューロン細胞の放射線感受性は発生ステージに依存することが示された。
飯沢 克幸; 茶谷 恵治; 伊藤 和寛; 鈴木 惣十; 金城 勝哉; 圷 正義
PNC TN9410 92-345, 166 Pages, 1992/10
高速炉放射性腐食生成物(CP)挙動解析コード"PSYCHE"の改良整備と検証を目的として,高速実験炉「常陽」の運転経験を通じて得られたCP測定結果に基づき,1次ナトリウム冷却系と燃料洗浄廃液CP挙動について評価し,その機構の検討と解析モデルの検証を行った。得られた評価結果は次のとおりである。(1)1次ナトリウム冷却系配管・機器管壁に移行する主なCP核種は54Mn,60Coで,54Mnが最優勢である。それに対し炉心部CP付着に関連した燃料洗浄廃液中では60Coが最大核種で,外側反射体洗浄時の発生量が特に多くなる。これは粒子状放射性腐食生成物が炉内滞在中に更に放射化されたものである。(2)冷却系内の54Mnの管壁付着速度は,ホットレグ(HL)では炉心材料中の放射化生成に対応し推移するが,コールドレグ(CL)ではそれを越えて上昇する。そのためビルドアップはHLでは比較的早期に飽和するが,CLでは長時間にわたり持続した。60Coの管壁付着速度は,炉心での放射化生成と放出を通じて,燃料交換及び冷却材中酸素濃度の影響を強く受け,更に管壁付着物の剥離・再放出による変動を示す。これ等を勘案すれば60Coのビルドアップは全領域でほぼ同等で緩やかである。(3)54Mnの配管付着分布は初期にはHLが優勢であるが,付着速度のふるまいを反映して時間経過とともにCLが優勢となる。60Coの分布レベルはHLで優勢で時間経過にともなう分布パターンの変化は少ない。(4)54MnのHLでの付着機構は管壁中拡散であり,CLでは管壁面上での合金粒子形成が主である。60Coの付着機構はHLを含め全域的に管壁面上での合金粒子形成が主で,鉄分の多い微視的表面組織に取り込まれていると考えられる。(5)ナトリウム系内のCP挙動に関する「溶解・析出モデル」のモデルパラメータの感度調査と上記評価結果に基づく最適化により,解析コード評価制度(C/E)として,主配管部の54Mnと60Coのビルドアップに対して全期間を通じた平均でそれぞれ1.36及び1.03,線量率分布に対して1.61を得た。本研究から得られた結論は次のとおりである。「溶解・析出モデル」により1次系全域にわたる54Mnの挙動をよく再現できる。60Coの場合は主配管部等高流速部に対しては妥当な結果を与えるものの,粒子移行分が存在し,それ等は主ポンプオーバ
