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JAEA Reports

Research on factor analysis and technical process for achieving denuclearization; denuclearization of Former Soviet Union (Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine)

Tazaki, Makiko; Kimura, Takashi; Shimizu, Ryo; Nakatani, Takayoshi; Suda, Kazunori

JAEA-Review 2023-042, 121 Pages, 2024/03

JAEA-Review-2023-042.pdf:3.01MB

As part of the "Research on Factor Analysis and Technical Processes for Achieving Denuclearization", we investigated denuclearization cases in three former Soviet Union countries, namely Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, and analyzed the cases by eight denuclearization factors. We then considered the characteristics and lessons learned from such denuclearization. The denuclearization processes of the three countries differed from country to country, and Ukraine's denuclearization process in particular went through many twists and turns. However, the common factor was that all nuclear-weapon states provided security assurances to the three countries and as a result, they transferred strategic nuclear weapons to Russia and joined the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) as non-nuclear weapon states. Such decision was partly made possible by the economic and physical assistance provided by the United States and Russia for denuclearization. Furthermore, one of the characteristics of the denuclearization of the three countries is the US's skillful denuclearization strategy toward the three countries. The United States supported the claims that the three countries, like Russia, were parties to the First Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START-I), and ultimately allowed them to transfer strategic nuclear warheads to Russia within the framework of START-I and the subsequently achieved the disposal of the warheads in Russia. Furthermore, as a lesson from the denuclearization of the three countries, providing security assurance to denuclearized countries is a strong incentive for denuclearization. However, considering Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014 and military invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, countries which are required denuclearization will seek stronger security guarantees from nuclear-weapon states. Another lesson is that it is necessary to have a strong presidential initiative the countries concerned.

Journal Articles

International nuclear security law; The Use of "soft law"

Fukui, Yasuhito

Journal of Conflict & Security law, 14 Pages, 2024/00

The international law of Nuclear Security is composed of treaties and a series of soft law instruments, which supplement the international conventions. Therefore, they function as guidelines that provide the policy direction so that the wide variety of nuclear facilities in the states can be properly protected. Traditionally, the role of soft law was explained for its flexibility or normativity. However, when the provisions of such instruments are transposed into municipal law, they function as somewhat a hard law even if their origin is soft law at the international law level.

Journal Articles

Cross section asymmetry of polarized $$gamma$$-ray elastic scattering

Omer, M.; Shizuma, Toshiyuki*; Koizumi, Mitsuo; Hajima, Ryoichi*; Hashimoto, Satoshi*; Miyamoto, Shuji*

LASTI Annual Report, 24, p.20 - 22, 2023/12

Journal Articles

Research on technical process for achieving denuclearization, 1; Disposal and verification of weapon grade HEU

Nakatani, Takayoshi; Shimizu, Ryo; Tazaki, Makiko; Kimura, Takashi; Hori, Masato

Dai-44-Kai Nihon Kaku Busshitsu Kanri Gakkai Nenji Taikai Kaigi Rombunshu (Internet), 3 Pages, 2023/11

no abstracts in English

Journal Articles

Denuclearization of Ukraine

Tazaki, Makiko; Kimura, Takashi; Shimizu, Ryo; Nakatani, Takayoshi

Dai-44-Kai Nihon Kaku Busshitsu Kanri Gakkai Nenji Taikai Kaigi Rombunshu (Internet), 4 Pages, 2023/11

no abstracts in English

Journal Articles

Research on technical process for achieving denuclearization, 2; Disposal and verification of weapon grade plutonium

Shimizu, Ryo; Nakatani, Takayoshi; Tazaki, Makiko; Kimura, Takashi; Hori, Masato

Dai-44-Kai Nihon Kaku Busshitsu Kanri Gakkai Nenji Taikai Kaigi Rombunshu (Internet), 4 Pages, 2023/11

no abstracts in English

Journal Articles

IAEA support for nuclear facilities in Ukraine during Russia's invasion

Kobayashi, Naoki

Dai-44-Kai Nihon Kaku Busshitsu Kanri Gakkai Nenji Taikai Kaigi Rombunshu (Internet), 5 Pages, 2023/11

no abstracts in English

Journal Articles

Development of neutron resonance fission neutron analysis for nondestructive fissile material

Lee, J.; Kodama, Yu; Rossi, F.; Hironaka, Kota; Koizumi, Mitsuo; Hori, Junichi*; Sano, Tadafumi*

Dai-44-Kai Nihon Kaku Busshitsu Kanri Gakkai Nenji Taikai Kaigi Rombunshu (Internet), 4 Pages, 2023/11

no abstracts in English

Journal Articles

Promotion for establishing and maintaining appropriate responses in the safeguards activities, 2; Case study activities

Shirafuji, Masaya; Hasegawa, Rie; Akutsu, Narumi*; Maruyama, Hajime; Miyaji, Noriko

Dai-44-Kai Nihon Kaku Busshitsu Kanri Gakkai Nenji Taikai Kaigi Rombunshu (Internet), 4 Pages, 2023/11

To maintain transparency in the use of nuclear materials in Japan, it is important for operators to appropriately respond to safeguards activities conducted by the IAEA/Japan. Failure to appropriately respond to these activities could have significant impacts, such as raising suspicion from the international community about the misuse of nuclear materials by not only the operators but also Japan. To appropriately respond to safeguards activities, JAEA has conducted some activities such as education on safeguards for all employees and case study activities for the employees engaged in responding to safeguards activities. This paper focused on case study activities that started in FY2022. In FY2022, we created documents based on scenarios with problems in safeguards responses in order to promote understanding among participants. We also conducted a questionnaire survey for participants, and we evaluated the result of the questionnaire. The evaluation results showed that the case study activities contributed to raising awareness of safeguards responses, although there were improvements. After making improvements, we are conducting these activities again in FY2023. Since case study activities are expected to be effective if carried out continuously, we plan to continue them in combination with other activities.

Journal Articles

Status of efforts for safeguards challenges by Ningyo-toge Uranium Enrichment Facility

Ishida, Tsuyoshi; Nakashima, Shinichi; Kondo, Shinji; Hayashibara, Kenichi; Yamada, Shigeki*; Okamoto, Ryo*; Nakamura, Hironobu

Dai-44-Kai Nihon Kaku Busshitsu Kanri Gakkai Nenji Taikai Kaigi Rombunshu (Internet), 4 Pages, 2023/11

no abstracts in English

Journal Articles

Physical protection corrective action program activities in JAEA

Shibata, Ryodai; Amano, Tsukasa; Yamada, Hiroyuki; Miyaji, Noriko; Nakamura, Hironobu

Dai-44-Kai Nihon Kaku Busshitsu Kanri Gakkai Nenji Taikai Kaigi Rombunshu (Internet), 4 Pages, 2023/11

In April 2020, JAEA has been introduced Physical Protection Corrective Action Program (PPCAP) with full-scale. It was needed to introduce unified operation for six sites with different business scales, and headquarters developed the common guideline. There was an impression that physical protection activities were carried out by a limited number of employees. Therefore, a problem was to root and activate PPCAP activities among all employees in order to make them effective. Five activities were implemented to solve this problem. As a result, more than 3,700 condition reports (CR) have been collected for 4 years. This paper reports on the activities related to the PPCAP that have been implemented at JAEA.

Journal Articles

Is it possible to deter armed attack against nuclear power plants by International law; Its limit and future perspective

Fukui, Yasuhito

Nihon Genshiryoku Gakkai-Shi ATOMO$$Sigma$$, 65(9), p.564 - 567, 2023/09

AA2022-1023.pdf:0.55MB

This article explains that how the international law prevents armed attacks to nuclear power plant based on the lex lata basis. Four points are raised, in other words, first, how the current international law prohibit armed attacks to the nuclear power plant. Second, the current international law can prevent the armed attacks effectively. Third, if the law lacks the effectiveness, what kind of framework or response are necessary. Fourth, if these legal frameworks are applied to the nuclear power plants in Japan, how these will be accommodated are explained.

Journal Articles

Neutron resonance fission neutron analysis for nondestructive fissile material assay

Hironaka, Kota; Lee, J.; Koizumi, Mitsuo; Ito, Fumiaki*; Hori, Junichi*; Terada, Kazushi*; Sano, Tadafumi*

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 1054, p.168467_1 - 168467_5, 2023/09

Journal Articles

Impact of the temperature on the non-destructive nuclide assay in the transmission NRF method

Omer, M.; Shizuma, Toshiyuki*; Koizumi, Mitsuo; Taira, Yoshitaka*; Zen, H.*; Ogaki, Hideaki*; Hajima, Ryoichi

UVSOR-50, P. 37, 2023/08

no abstracts in English

Journal Articles

Radioisotope identification algorithm using deep artificial neural network for supporting nuclear detection and first response on nuclear security incidents

Kimura, Yoshiki; Tsuchiya, Kenichi*

Radioisotopes, 72(2), p.121 - 139, 2023/07

Rapid and precise radioisotope identification in the scene of nuclear detection and nuclear security incidents is one of the challenging issues for the prompt response on the detection alarm or the incidents. A radioisotope identification algorithm using a deep artificial neural network model applicable to handheld gamma-ray detectors has been proposed in the present paper. The proposed algorithm automatically identifies gamma-emitting radioisotopes based on the count contribution ratio (CCR) from each of them estimated by the deep artificial neural network model trained by simulated gamma-ray spectra. The automated radioisotope identification algorithm can support first responders of nuclear detection and nuclear security incidents without sufficient experience and knowledge in radiation measurement. The authors tested the performance of the proposed algorithm using two different types of deep artificial neural network models in application to handheld detectors having high or low energy resolution. The proposed algorithm showed high performance in identifying artificial radioisotopes for actually measured gamma-ray spectra. It was also confirmed that the algorithm is applicable to identifying $$^{235}$$U and automated uranium categorization by analyzing estimated CCRs by the deep artificial neural network models. The authors also com-pared the performance of the proposed algorithm with a conventional radioisotope identification method and discussed promising ways to improve the performance of the algorithm using the deep artificial neural network.

Journal Articles

Development of training course on non-destructive assay of nuclear material for Asian region, 2; Development of lectures and exercises on gamma-ray measurement

Yamamoto, Masahiko; Kono, Soma; Saegusa, Yu; Kuno, Takehiko; Sekine, Megumi; Inoue, Naoko; Noro, Naoko; Rodriguez, D.; Yamaguchi, Tomoki; Stinett, J.*

Proceedings of INMM & ESARDA Joint Annual Meeting 2023 (Internet), 10 Pages, 2023/05

The gamma-ray measurement part of the Non-Destructive Assay (NDA) course of safeguards and nuclear material accountancy was developed to focus on gamma-ray measurement allotting two days out of five days. The lectures on the basic characteristics and detection methods and mechanism of gamma-ray detectors were provided as e-learnings which were developed. The part for hands-on exercises were implemented in JAEA facility. Participants have set up each gamma-ray detector, and performed measurements of uranium and the other gamma-ray emitting nuclides. Also, uranium-235 enrichment measurements have been performed. In addition, the participants trained with a handheld gamma-ray spectrometer, HM-5, that is popular for IAEA safeguards as the preparation in the measurement exercise of fresh fuel assemblies in JRR-3, a research reactor facility of JAEA. This paper reports on the development, implementation, and feedback from participants on gamma-ray measurement part of the NDA course.

Journal Articles

Optimization of training effectiveness of physical protection course for Asian region; Best mix of in-person and virtual methodologies

Noro, Naoko; Sekine, Megumi; Inoue, Naoko; Scharmer, C.*; Orr, A.*

Proceedings of INMM & ESARDA Joint Annual Meeting 2023 (Internet), 9 Pages, 2023/05

During the COVID-19 pandemics, ISCN has developed several online training courses on nuclear security for the regional participants to minimize the impact of global travel restriction. ISCN resumed its regional training as in-person in summer 2022. By combining in-person and virtual methodologies, ISCN and successfully designed the regional training to optimize its curriculum to optimize the effectiveness of the course. This paper reports on the development, implementation of the course to share ISCN's experience, and contribute to further enhancing effectiveness of capacity building in nuclear security.

Journal Articles

Denuclearization study on possible future options for dismantlement and verification of Uranium Enrichment Facility

Hori, Masato; Tazaki, Makiko; Shimizu, Ryo; Kimura, Takashi; Nakatani, Takayoshi

Proceedings of INMM & ESARDA Joint Annual Meeting 2023 (Internet), 8 Pages, 2023/05

To improve preparedness of future denuclearization, series of study to achieve effective and efficient denuclearization have been performed in JAEA. As part of this study, this paper focus on dismantlement and verification of potential uranium enrichment facility and potential nuclear material in the uranium enrichment facility, considering (a) peaceful use operation, (b) freeze, (c) disablement, (d) dismantlement, (e) removal from the state as potential options.

Journal Articles

Case study activities for nuclear security culture development in JAEA

Amano, Tsukasa; Shibata, Ryodai; Sato, Yoshiharu; Yamazaki, Katsuyuki; Shiromo, Hideo; Nakamura, Hironobu

Proceedings of INMM & ESARDA Joint Annual Meeting 2023 (Internet), 6 Pages, 2023/05

In Japan, about 10 years have passed since the law obligated nuclear operators to develop and maintain a nuclear security culture. During this period, the global nuclear situation has changed significantly, and it is becoming important to maintain a stance that emphasizes compliance with regulations and nuclear security culture. In JAEA, the policy of legal compliance and developing nuclear security culture is determined by the president of JAEA. For legal compliance and developing nuclear security culture, many activities are carried out based on that policy. Finally, these activities are evaluated and improved it every year. Case study is the one of activities that can obtain skills for legal compliance and developing nuclear security culture, such as sensitivity of nuclear security risks, correct understanding of the laws. The procedure for the case study was created with reference to a method called KY-Training which is often applied to safety training program in Japan. KY-Training is a training that participants (groups) can reach the conclusion how to respond to cases through four questions. Firstly, participants are given illustrations and descriptions which has potential of nuclear security risks. Then, participants make discussion according to four questions. Consequently, participants can effectively become aware of nuclear security risks. In the 2022 case study, we prepared 23 cases so that they can select choose freely according to role of participants such as in charge of nuclear security, guards, general employees. Finally, participants are asked to fill a questionnaire to evaluate effectiveness of case study. The result of questionnaires indicated that the case study was able to lead to improvement sensitivity of nuclear security risks and correct understanding of the laws. Overall, case study results suggested that JAEA's efforts were implying sufficiently to develop and maintain a nuclear security culture.

Journal Articles

Efforts for appropriate responses to safeguards activities, 1; Overview

Aoki, Rie; Shirafuji, Masaya; Nozaki, Teo; Akutsu, Narumi*; Miyaji, Noriko; Nakamura, Hironobu

Proceedings of INMM & ESARDA Joint Annual Meeting 2023 (Internet), 7 Pages, 2023/05

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