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Report No.
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Phase shift induced by free electron laser interaction

Nishimori, Nobuyuki; Hajima, Ryoichi; Nagai, Ryoji

Free-Electron Laser (FEL) interaction with unbunched electrons at resonant energy induces a positive phase shift of the FEL field relative to the input phase. The positive phase shift corresponds to giving electrons positive energy detuning, and results in the FEL amplification. The zero small signal gain on resonance in low gain regime is related to the exponential growth in high gain regime by the positive phase shift.

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