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植生への粒子沈着モデルの研究動向とその課題

Recent trend and problems in modeling particle deposition onto vegetation

堅田 元喜; 永井 晴康  

Katata, Genki; Nagai, Haruyasu

近年、精緻化が進められている植生への粒子沈着モデルの予測性能の現状と、モデルの検証を進めるうえでの課題をまとめた。粒子沈着モデルは、さまざまな環境で取得された粒径別の沈着速度の観測値を用いて検証されることが多いが、素過程のモデル式を検証するうえでは、環境条件の違いや対象とする粒径範囲に対する支配的な捕集過程を念頭に置いて、観測値とモデル計算値を比較する必要がある。われわれが開発した植生への粒子沈着過程を計算できる大気-植生-土壌1次元多層モデルを用いたシミュレーションを実施し、霧水と数100nm以下の微小粒子の森林への沈着フラックスの観測結果を再現するとともに、これらの粒径範囲で最も沈着量の予測精度の高い捕集効率のモデル式を同定した。これに対して、サブミクロン粒子の沈着速度は、精緻な植生への粒子沈着モデルを用いても高精度で予測することは難しく、静電気力,熱・拡散泳動力,葉面の微細な構造,湿度の増加に伴う粒径の増加などの影響を考える必要性が示唆された。また、葉面積指数や樹高,葉幅などの影響も粒子沈着に影響するため、これらのパラメータを導入した粒子沈着速度のモデル式の開発が望まれる。

Recent progress of models for particle deposition onto vegetation and issues to validate these models are described in the present paper. It is insufficient to validate each modeled process included in these models through the comparison of size-resolved deposition velocity between calculations and observations. Considering the differences in environmental factors of various measurements campaigns, each modeled process should be validated using the data in the particle range where the process is dominant. Numerical simulation using detailed one-dimensional atmosphere-soil-vegetation model including particle deposition onto vegetation developed by the authors was carried out. The result showed that the model could reproduce measurements of deposition velocity onto the coniferous canopies for large ($$>$$ 1 $$mu$$m) and very fine ($$<$$ several 100 nm) particles. In the range of sub-micron particles, however, all existing models clearly underestimated measured deposition velocity given from various measurement campaigns. Electrostatic deposition, thermo- and diffusio-phoretic deposition, micro-roughness at the leaf surface, and particle growth under humid environment could affect particle deposition in the range. Vegetation parameters such as LAI and leaf width also have a significant effect on deposition velocity, suggesting that this effect should be included in future parameterizations of particle deposition velocity onto vegetation.

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