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実験炉物理:未来へのメッセージ; 次世代の安全基盤の確立に向けて,5; JAEAの熱炉体系炉物理実験

Experimental reactor physics "Past, present and future"; Towards establishment of safety basis in next generation, 5; Status and outlook of thermal reactor physics experiments in JAEA

外池 幸太郎 

Tonoike, Kotaro

旧日本原子力研究所で最初の臨界実験装置の運用が始まってから50年が経とうとしている。旧動力炉・核燃料開発事業団も含めて現在の日本原子力研究開発機構(JAEA)に至るまで種々の臨界実験装置が炉物理の実験的研究に供されてきた。その歴史は日本の原子力開発の歩みを反映していると言ってよい。炉開発の観点では、現在でこそ軽水炉が日本の原子力発電を支えているが、開発の草創期から軽水炉が自明な炉型だったわけではない。臨界実験装置を用いて黒鉛炉や重水炉の概念が研究され、熱炉体系による増殖さえ検討された。軽水炉の範疇でも、発電炉の炉心・燃料設計手法の高度化や、舶用炉,高転換軽水炉の開発などさまざまな目的の研究が行われてきた。臨界安全もまた重要な分野である。炉開発が臨界を達成・維持し、燃料をよく燃やす研究であるのに対して、臨界安全は臨界を防止する研究である。燃料の臨界量を測定したうえで、そこからどれだけ減らせば十分に安全に燃料を未臨界で取り扱えるか、という考察が基本である。このため臨界量測定が重要視され、臨界安全と臨界実験は不可分の関係にある。本稿では、このような臨界実験のうちJAEAで実施された熱炉体系のものに着目し、過去から現在までの変遷と将来の展望を述べる。

Almost 50 years have passed since the former Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) started the operation of the first critical assembly (CA). Since then, CAs of various types have been served for the experimental research of the reactor physics in the former JAERI, the former Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation, and current Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), where the nuclear development history of Japan can be seen. From the view point of the power reactor development, the light water reactor (LWR) was not an obvious option in the early days while all nuclear power plants (NPPs) in Japan are LWRs. Concepts of the graphite reactor and the heavy water reactor were also studied with CAs, where possibility of the breeding with the thermal reactors was investigated as well. Only for the LWR development, various research activities have been conducted for the core and fuel design advancement of NPPs, the reactor of a nuclear propulsion ship, the high conversion reactor, etc. The criticality safety (CS) is an important research field, too, which is prevention of the criticality while the power reactor development is the research how to achieve and maintain the criticality and how to burn fuel well. The CS and the critical experiments are inseparable because the basic way of CS is the critical mass measurement of nuclear material and the enough mass reduction for the nuclear material handling in the safe subcritical condition. History from the past to the present is introduced focusing on critical experiments of the thermal reactor system conducted in JAEA. Its future perspective is also mentioned.

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