Measurement of the first ionization energy of lawrencium (Z = 103) by surface ionization technique

Sato, Tetsuya   

In the surface ionization process, an ionization efficiency depends on the first ionization potential of the atom of the element. The ionization potential can be estimated by using the relationship. This method has been developed in order to determine the first ionization potential of lawrencium (Lr, element 103). The value of the ionization potential of Lr have not been measured experimentally due to its low production rate and short half-life. The surface-ionization method is described in detail in this paper.