Seasonal variations in radon and thoron exhalation rates from solid concrete interior walls observed using in situ measurements

Sakoda, Akihiro   ; Ishimori, Yuu  ; Hasan, Md. M.*; Jin, Q.*; Iimoto, Takeshi*

Building materials such as brick and concrete are known indoor radon (Rn) and thoron (Rn) sources. Most radon and thoron exhalation studies are based on the laboratory testing of pieces and blocks of such materials. To discuss if laboratory findings can be applied to a real-world environment, we conducted intensive in-situ exhalation tests on two solid concrete interior walls of an apartment in Japan for over a year. Exhalation rates of radon () and thoron () were measured by a measurement system, mainly consisting of an accumulation chamber and dedicated monitors. The indoor air temperature () and absolute humidity () were measured in parallel, and the wall-surface temperature and water content were occasionally measured. All data obtained here were investigated to reveal environmental and material-associated factors affecting exhalation from the concrete walls. There were weak correlations between or and T or at one tested wall, and moderate correlations of and strong correlations of with or at the other wall. Our findings on were consistent with those in a previous laboratory work where a concrete sample was subject to various temperatures, although a corresponding laboratory study of could not be collected. Additionally, moderate or strong correlation between and was observed for both tested walls. The comparison of the measured data and theoretical calculations revealed a new issue on how much impact each process of the emanation and migration within concrete pore spaces has on radon and thoron exhalation. This study provides an insight into parameterizing radon and thoron source inputs in modeling the spatiotemporal dynamics of indoor radon and thoron.