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論文

Introduction of loop operating system to improve the stability of continuous hydrogen production for the thermochemical water-splitting iodine-sulfur process

田中 伸幸; 竹上 弘彰; 野口 弘喜; 上地 優; Myagmarjav, O.; 久保 真治

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(55), p.27891 - 27904, 2021/08

 被引用回数:4 パーセンタイル:22.37(Chemistry, Physical)

熱化学水素製造法ISプロセスでは、配管閉塞などを回避し、水素製造を安定的に運転するため、各反応器における組成変動を抑制することが求められる。従来の運転方法は、全ての反応器を同時に接続するため、安定的に連動させて運転を行うことが困難であった。本報では、それを解決するため、反応工程別に閉ループを形成することで、各工程を個別に安定化させるループ運転を行った後、連続運転に移行する新たな運転方法を提示した。新たなループ構成に対して、フローシート解析を行い、物質収支が矛盾なく閉ループを構成していることを示し、加えて、ループ運転から連続運転に滞りなく移行でき、水素製造を達成できることを明らかにした。

論文

Fabrication, permeation, and corrosion stability measurements of silica membranes for HI decomposition in the thermochemical iodine-sulfur process

Myagmarjav, O.; 柴田 愛*; 田中 伸幸; 野口 弘喜; 久保 真治; 野村 幹弘*; 竹上 弘彰

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(56), p.28435 - 28449, 2021/08

 被引用回数:2 パーセンタイル:9.63(Chemistry, Physical)

In this study, a corrosion-stable silica ceramic membrane was developed to be used in H$$_{2}$$ purification during the hydrogen iodide decomposition (2HI $$rightarrow$$ H$$_{2}$$ + I$$_{2}$$), which is a new application of the silica membranes. From a practical perspective, the membrane separation length was enlarged up to 400 mm and one end of the membrane tubes was closed to avoid any thermal variation along the membrane length and sealing issues. The silica membranes consisted of a three-layer structure comprising a porous $$alpha$$-Al$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$ ceramic support, an intermediate layer, and a top silica layer. The intermediate layer was composed of $$gamma$$-Al$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$ or silica, and the top silica layer that is H$$_{2}$$ selective was prepared via counter-diffusion chemical vapor deposition of a hexyltrimethoxysilane. A membrane using a silica intermediate layer exhibited a higher H$$_{2}$$/SF$$_{6}$$ selectivity but lower H$$_{2}$$ permeance with compared with the membrane using a $$gamma$$-Al$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$ intermediate layer. The membrane using the silica intermediate layer was more stable in corrosive HI gas than a membrane with a $$gamma$$-Al$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$ intermediate layer after 300 h of stability tests. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of 400-mm-long closed-end silica membranes supported on Si-formed $$alpha$$-Al$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$ tubes produced via chemical vapor deposition method. In conclusion, the developed silica membranes seem suitable for membrane reactors that produce H$$_{2}$$ on large scale using HI decomposition in the thermochemical iodine-sulfur process.

論文

Development of a membrane reactor with a closed-end silica membrane for nuclear-heated hydrogen production

Myagmarjav, O.; 田中 伸幸; 野村 幹弘*; 野口 弘喜; 今井 良行; 上地 優; 久保 真治; 竹上 弘彰

Progress in Nuclear Energy, 137, p.103772_1 - 103772_7, 2021/07

 被引用回数:6 パーセンタイル:72.21(Nuclear Science & Technology)

Hydrogen production from nuclear energy has attracted considerable interest as a clean energy solution to address the challenges of climate change and environmental sustainability. With respect to the large-scale and economical production of hydrogen using nuclear energy, the thermochemical water-splitting iodine-sulfur (IS) process is a promising method. The IS process uses sulfur and iodine compounds to decompose water into its elemental constituents, hydrogen and oxygen, by using three coupled chemical reactions: the Bunsen reaction; sulfuric acid decomposition; and hydrogen iodide (HI) decomposition. The decomposition of HI is the efficiency-determining step of the process. In this work, a membrane reactor with a silica membrane closed on one end was designed, and its potential for hydrogen production from HI decomposition was explored. In the reactor-module design, only one end of the membrane tube was fixed, while the closed-end of the tube was freely suspended to avoid thermal expansion effects. The closed-end silica membranes were prepared for the first time by a counter-diffusion chemical vapor deposition of hexyltrimethoxysilane. In application, HI conversion of greater than 0.60 was achieved at a decomposition temperature of 400$$^{circ}$$C. Thus, the membrane reactor with closed-end silica membrane was shown to produce a successful equilibrium shift in the production of hydrogen via HI decomposition in the thermochemical IS process.

論文

Hydrogen production using thermochemical water-splitting iodine-sulfur process test facility made of industrial structural materials; Engineering solutions to prevent iodine precipitation

野口 弘喜; 上地 優; 田中 伸幸; 竹上 弘彰; 岩月 仁; 笠原 清司; Myagmarjav, O.; 今井 良行; 久保 真治

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(43), p.22328 - 22343, 2021/06

 被引用回数:12 パーセンタイル:59.85(Chemistry, Physical)

熱化学水素製造法ISプロセスは、高温ガス炉,太陽熱,産業廃熱などの様々な熱源を利用して、高効率に大規模水素製造が可能な方法のひとつである。ISプロセスの研究開発課題は、硫酸やヨウ化水素酸などの厳しい腐食環境における工業材料製機器の健全性とそれらの機器による安定した水素製造の実証である。原子力機構では、工業材料製の耐食機器を開発し、それらの機器を組み込んだ水素製造試験設備を製作し、上記研究開発課題の解決に向け、本試験設備の試験運転を進めている。安定した水素製造を行うために、HI-I$$_{2}$$-H$$_{2}$$O溶液の安定送液技術の開発、大量漏えいを防止するためのグラスライニング材の品質保証の改善、ブンゼン反応器における硫酸脱水法によるヨウ素析出防止技術の開発を行った。これらの改良により、水素製造量約30L/h、150時間の連続水素製造に成功し、厳しい腐食環境における工業材料製機器の健全性及び安定した水素製造を実証した。

論文

High temperature gas-cooled reactors

武田 哲明*; 稲垣 嘉之; 相原 純; 青木 健; 藤原 佑輔; 深谷 裕司; 後藤 実; Ho, H. Q.; 飯垣 和彦; 今井 良行; et al.

High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors; JSME Series in Thermal and Nuclear Power Generation, Vol.5, 464 Pages, 2021/02

本書は、原子力機構における今までの高温ガス炉の研究開発の総括として、HTTRの設計、燃料、炉内構造物や中間熱交換器などの要素技術の開発、出力上昇試験、950$$^{circ}$$Cの高温運転、安全性実証試験などの運転経験及び成果についてまとめたものである。また、HTTRでの知見をもとに、商用炉の設計、高性能燃料、ヘリウムガスタービン、ISプロセスによる水素製造などの要素技術開発の現状について記述しており、今後の高温ガス炉の開発に非常に有用である。本書は、日本機械学会の動力エネルギーシステム部門による化石燃料及び原子力によるエネルギーシステムの技術書のシリーズの一冊として刊行されるものである。

論文

Comparison of experimental and simulation results on catalytic HI decomposition in a silica-based ceramic membrane reactor

Myagmarjav, O.; 田中 伸幸; 野村 幹弘*; 久保 真治

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(59), p.30832 - 30839, 2019/11

 被引用回数:10 パーセンタイル:33.23(Chemistry, Physical)

In this study, the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen iodide was theoretically and experimentally investigated in a silica-based ceramic membrane reactor to assess the reactors suitability for thermochemical hydrogen production. The silica membranes were fabricated by depositing a thin silica layer onto the surface of porous alumina ceramic support tubes via counter-diffusion chemical vapor deposition of hexyltrimethoxysilane. The performance of the silica-based ceramic membrane reactor was evaluated by exploring important operating parameters such as the flow rates of the hydrogen iodide feed and the nitrogen sweep gas. The influence of the flow rates on the hydrogen iodide decomposition conversion was investigated in the lower range of the investigated feed flow rates and in the higher range of the sweep-gas flow rates. The experimental data agreed with the simulation results reasonably well, and both highlighted the possibility of achieving a conversion greater than 0.70 at decomposition temperature of 400$$^{circ}$$C. Therefore, the developed silica-based ceramic membrane reactor could enhance the total thermal efficiency of the thermochemical process.

論文

Research and development on membrane IS process for hydrogen production using solar heat

Myagmarjav, O.; 岩月 仁; 田中 伸幸; 野口 弘喜; 上地 優; 井岡 郁夫; 久保 真治; 野村 幹弘*; 八巻 徹也*; 澤田 真一*; et al.

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(35), p.19141 - 19152, 2019/07

 被引用回数:16 パーセンタイル:49.6(Chemistry, Physical)

Thermochemical hydrogen production has attracted considerable interest as a clean energy solution to address the challenges of climate change and environmental sustainability. The thermochemical water-splitting iodine-sulfur (IS) process uses heat from nuclear or solar power and thus is a promising next-generation thermochemical hydrogen production method that is independent of fossil fuels and can provide energy security. This paper presents the current state of research and development of the IS process based on membrane techniques using solar energy at a medium temperature of 600$$^{circ}$$C. Membrane design strategies have the most potential for making the IS process using solar energy highly efficient and economical and are illustrated here in detail. Three aspects of membrane design proposed herein for the IS process have led to a considerable improvement of the total thermal efficiency of the process: membrane reactors, membranes, and reaction catalysts. Experimental studies in the applications of these membrane design techniques to the Bunsen reaction, sulfuric acid decomposition, and hydrogen iodide decomposition are discussed.

論文

Module design of silica membrane reactor for hydrogen production via thermochemical IS process

Myagmarjav, O.; 田中 伸幸; 野村 幹弘*; 久保 真治

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(21), p.10207 - 10217, 2019/04

 被引用回数:15 パーセンタイル:47.35(Chemistry, Physical)

The potential of the silica membrane reactors for use in the decomposition of hydrogen iodide (HI) was investigated by simulation with the aim of producing CO$$_{2}$$-free hydrogen via the thermochemical water-splitting iodine-sulfur process. Simulation model validation was done using the data derived from an experimental membrane reactor. The simulated results showed good agreement with the experimental findings. The important process parameters determining the performance of the membrane reactor used for HI decomposition, namely, reaction temperature, total pressures on both the feed side and the permeate side, and HI feed flow rate were investigated theoretically by means of a simulation. It was found that the conversion of HI decomposition can be improved by up to four times (80%) or greater than the equilibrium conversion (20%) at 400$$^{circ}$$C by employing a membrane reactor equipped with a tubular silica membrane. The features to design the membrane reactor module for HI decomposition of thermochemical iodine-sulfur process were discussed under a wide range of operation conditions by evaluating the relationship between HI conversion and number of membrane tubes.

論文

Hydrogen production tests by hydrogen iodide decomposition membrane reactor equipped with silica-based ceramics membrane

Myagmarjav, O.; 田中 伸幸; 野村 幹弘*; 久保 真治

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(49), p.29091 - 29100, 2017/12

 被引用回数:20 パーセンタイル:51.38(Chemistry, Physical)

熱化学水素製造法ISプロセスにおいて水素生成する反応であるHI分解反応の分解率を向上させるため、水素分離膜を用いた膜反応器の適用を検討している。本研究では、高性能な水素分離膜を開発するため、HTMOSをシリカ源に用い$$alpha$$-アルミナ基材上に対向拡散CVD法を用いて製膜したシリカ膜の性能を調べた。$$alpha$$-アルミナに直接製膜した膜よりも$$gamma$$-アルミナをコーティングした$$alpha$$-アルミナ基材上に製膜した膜の方が、高い水素透過性を示すこと、および、450$$^{circ}$$Cの製膜条件で高い水素選択性ならびに水素透過性が得られることを見い出した。さらに、製膜した膜を適用した膜反応器において、HI分解反応を行い、平衡分解率(20%)を超える0.48の水素転化率を得ることができた。

論文

Preparation of an H$$_{2}$$-permselective silica membrane for the separation of H$$_{2}$$ from the hydrogen iodide decomposition reaction in the iodine-sulfur process

Myagmarjav, O.; 池田 歩*; 田中 伸幸; 久保 真治; 野村 幹弘*

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(9), p.6012 - 6023, 2017/03

 被引用回数:19 パーセンタイル:49.58(Chemistry, Physical)

A high performance hydrogen-permselective silica membrane derived from hexyltrimethoxysiline (HTMOS) Si-precursor was developed to enhance chemical equilibrium ratio of hydrogen iodide (HI) decomposition in thermochemical water-splitting iodine-sulfur (IS) process. The silica membrane, called the HTMOS membrane, was prepared via a counter diffusion chemical vapor deposition method. The HTMOS membrane prepared at an optimal condition of 450$$^{circ}$$C within 5 min showed highest H$$_{2}$$ permeance of the order of 10$$^{-7}$$ mol Pa$$^{-1}$$ m$$^{-2}$$ s$$^{-1}$$ with a H$$_{2}$$/SF$$_{6}$$ selectivity of 276. It was found that the HTMOS membrane was stable in HI exposure at 400$$^{circ}$$C during 8 h and its HI permeance was the order of 10$$^{-10}$$ mol Pa$$^{-1}$$ m$$^{-2}$$ s$$^{-1}$$. It was demonstrated that the newly developed the HTMOS membrane could be a promising candidate for HI decomposition membrane reactor at working temperature of around 400$$^{circ}$$C.

口頭

Development of a silica membrane for H$$_{2}$$ production from HI decomposition in the IS process

Myagmarjav, O.; 池田 歩*; 野村 幹弘*; 久保 真治

no journal, , 

熱化学水素製造法ISプロセスにおけるHI分解反応のワンパス分解率を向上させるため、水素選択透過性シリカ膜の開発を行った。対向拡散CVDを用い、多孔質アルミナを基材(直径10mm)とした水素分離膜を作製した。H$$_{2}$$ガス, H$$_{2}$$ガスおよびSF$$_{6}$$を用いたガス透過試験により、CVDプロセス中の製膜条件(窒素ガス流量,酸素ガス流量)が膜性能(選択率)に関連すること明らかにし、製膜条件の最適化により膜性能が向上する可能性を示した。

口頭

A Highly hydrogen permeable silica membrane supported on a porous alumina for the hydrogen production

Myagmarjav, O.; 池田 歩*; 野村 幹弘*; 久保 真治

no journal, , 

熱化学水素製造法ISプロセスにおけるHI分解反応のワンパス分解率を向上させるため、水素選択透過性シリカ膜を用いたメンブレンリアクターの開発を行っている。HI分解膜反応に必要な機能性を確認するため、水素選択透過性シリカ膜(直径10mm、アルミナ管の外表面にシリカを製膜した非対称膜、HI分解反応場から水素を分離させる)を製膜・作製し、これ用いてHI膜分解反応実験を行って膜を透過したガスの成分を調べた。ガスクロマトグラフィーにより透過ガスに水素が含まれていることを示すとともに、透過ガスを水に溶解させる吸収槽内に捕集されたHIがほとんどなかったことから、必要機能である、HI分解反応による水素生成、反応場からの水素の選択的分離を確認することができた。

口頭

Development of membrane Bunsen reactor in IS process for high efficient hydrogen production

Myagmarjav, O.; 稲垣 嘉之; 久保 真治; 井岡 郁夫; 田中 伸幸; 岩月 仁; 野口 弘喜; 上地 優; 坂場 成昭

no journal, , 

熱化学水素製造法ISプロセスの高効率化を図るため、ブンゼン反応における循環物質量を低減する基盤技術を開発した。本プロセスの主反応の一つであるブンゼン反応において、従来の二液相分離法は大量の循環物質(ヨウ素)を 必要としていた。ここに、イオン交換膜型ブンゼン反応を適用することで循環物質の大幅な削減ができる。共同研究機関が開発した放射線グラフト・架橋技術によるイオン交換膜を用いた膜ブンゼン反応器を開発し、従来の反応条件であったI$$_{2}$$/SO$$_{2}$$=9よりも大幅にヨウ素が少ない条件(I$$_{2}$$/SO$$_{2}$$=1.2$$sim$$1.8)でブンゼン反応を進行させることができた。

口頭

Research and development program of membrane IS process for hydrogen production using solar heat

坂場 成昭; 稲垣 嘉之; Myagmarjav, O.; 野口 弘喜; 岩月 仁; 田中 伸幸; 上地 優; 井岡 郁夫; 久保 真治

no journal, , 

太陽熱を利用する熱化学水素製造法ISプロセスにおいて水素製造効率40%を達成するため、膜分離技術を導入した膜分離新ISプロセスの研究開発を行っている。太陽熱利用では、ISプロセスの硫酸分解を 従来800-900$$^{circ}$$Cで進めていた硫酸分解反応を600$$^{circ}$$Cで行うため、反応転化率が低下し、水素製造熱効率も低くなってしまう。この反応転化率を改善するための膜反応器に必要な酸素透過膜および触媒の開発を行っている。さらに、HI分解反応で用いるHIやI$$_{2}$$の循環量を低減するための水素分離膜、触媒を開発および酸生成反応に用いるカチオン交換膜、耐食材料技術の開発も進めている。本会議では、これら研究成果の報告を行う。

口頭

R&D status of heat utilization technologies for high-temperature gas-cooled reactor and solar energy

Myagmarjav, O.; 岩月 仁; 田中 伸幸; 野口 弘喜; 上地 優; 井岡 郁夫; 野村 幹弘*; 八巻 徹也*; 都留 稔了*; 町田 正人*; et al.

no journal, , 

The thermochemical water splitting iodine-sulfur (IS) process has potential for producing a large amount of hydrogen without restriction of resources and CO$$_{2}$$ emission in the upcoming hydrogen society. The IS process harnesses heat energy in ranges of temperature, which is generated by High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGRs) or solar energy. For application of solar energy, innovative membrane techniques are required to recover total thermal efficiency because temperature (ca. 600$$^{circ}$$C) of heat derived from the solar energy is lower than that of HTGRs (ca. 900$$^{circ}$$C). This paper summarizes current R&D of key devices of membranes and catalysts, and of process evaluation.

口頭

Development of a ceramic membrane reactor for hydrogen production from HI decomposition

Myagmarjav, O.; 田中 伸幸; 野村 幹弘*; 久保 真治

no journal, , 

This study deals with demonstration of experimental membrane reactor equipped with silica membrane in HI decomposition for thermochemical IS hydrogen production. The silica membrane was prepared by chemical vapor deposition method. We found that the developed membrane reactor offered a significant increase in HI conversion up to 40%. Elemental technology of the membrane reactor in HI decomposition was successfully demonstrated.

口頭

Challenge for adapting a hydrogen permselective membrane reactor to improve thermochemical IS process

Myagmarjav, O.; 田中 伸幸; 野村 幹弘*; 久保 真治

no journal, , 

In this study, we propose an iodine-sulfur cycle, a promising thermochemical water splitting process for CO$$_{2}$$-free hydrogen production, with the aim of contributing low-carbon society. One important task is to improve efficiency of the iodine-sulfur process due to poor equilibrium of hydrogen iodide (HI) decomposition. Efficient separation of hydrogen using a membrane reactor is an effective method of improving the conversion of the HI decomposition. When hydrogen is removed selectively from reaction field with the use of membrane, chemical equilibrium of the reactions is shifted toward product side according to Le Chateliers principle, resulting in increased the conversion of the HI decomposition. We developed membrane reactor assembled with 95 mm long silica membrane in the HI decomposition. It was found that the conversion can be improved twice (50%) or greater than equilibrium conversion (20%) at 400$$^{circ}$$C. Elemental technologies of the membrane reactors were demonstrated for the HI decomposition. The thermochemical iodine-sulfur process is expected to be part of future key technologies in coming low-carbon society by producing efficiently CO$$_{2}$$-free hydrogen in large-scale.

口頭

Massive and efficient H$$_{2}$$ production technology on thermochemical water-splitting iodine-sulfur process

竹上 弘彰; 田中 伸幸; 野口 弘喜; 上地 優; 岩月 仁; Myagmarjav, O.; 稲垣 嘉之; 久保 真治

no journal, , 

熱化学水素製造法ISプロセスは、大量かつ高効率な水素製造の一つとして期待されている。本プロセスは、高温ガス炉(原子力), 太陽熱, 産業排熱と多様な熱源が利用可能であり、硫黄とヨウ素の化合物を用い、三つの化学反応を組み合わせることにより水を分解して水素と酸素を製造できる。現在の重要な研究開発課題は、実用工業材料性機器の信頼性および運転安定性の確証、水素製造効率の高効率化技術の開発である。実用工業耐食材料を用いて組み立てた水素製造試験装置を用い、三つの化学反応工程を組み合わせて31時間、20L/hの水素製造に成功した。この水素製造運転を通じて、配管閉塞防止や溶液漏えい防止といった、より長時間運転達成に向けた技術課題を抽出することができた。高効率化技術の研究開発では、膜分離技術を、三つ全ての反応工程(ブンゼン反応:カチオン交換膜、HI分解反応:水素分離膜、硫酸分解反応:酸素分離膜)に適用したプロセスを提案した。これら膜分離技術により、反応率の向上、所要エネルギー削減が見込まれる。

口頭

Study on a membrane reactor equipped with the one-end-closed silica membrane for hydrogen iodide decomposition

Myagmarjav, O.; 田中 伸幸; 野村 幹弘*; 久保 真治

no journal, , 

Recently, the inorganic membranes have been undergoing quick development and innovation, and becoming an attractive field of membrane separation technology including membrane reactors. The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen iodide (HI) has long been a candidate reaction for the application of membrane reactors. The decomposition of HI is an endothermic reaction and equilibrium conversions even high temperatures are low. The use of membrane reactors based on silica membranes provides the opportunity of increasing the HI-conversion. Design of the membrane reactor modules previously developed for HI decomposition tests was based on the membrane tube fixed to gas lines at each end of the membrane tube. This design was a suitable for short-size module but not viable in terms of long-size fabrication and the practical applications. In this work, a membrane reactor equipped with one-end-closed silica membrane was designed and a potential of the membrane reactor to HI decomposition was explored. The closed-one-ended silica membrane were prepared by a counter diffusion chemical vapor deposition method for the first time. Permeation performance of the one-end-closed silica membrane was investigated. On the basis of HI decomposition tests, the membrane reactor equipped with the one-end-closed silica membrane demonstrated to show a successful equilibrium shift in the production of hydrogen.

口頭

Development of ceramic membranes for large-scale hydrogen production via thermochemical iodine-sulfur process

Myagmarjav, O.; 田中 伸幸; 野口 弘喜; 久保 真治; 野村 幹弘*; 竹上 弘彰

no journal, , 

Hydrogen is attracting global attention as an energy carrier for future energy delivery systems because of its lack of carbon dioxide emission. To realize a hydrogen energy society, it is necessary to develop effective and safe hydrogen-production methods. The thermochemical iodine-sulfur process is one of the promising methods for massive hydrogen production without carbon dioxide emissions. Separation of hydrogen from gaseous mixture of hydrogen iodide and iodine is one of the technical issues in the development of this process. Silica is the most developed of the porous ceramics and is one of the most promising materials for hydrogen-separation membranes. In the present work, a high performance silica membrane was developed for application in membrane reactors that produce hydrogen by hydrogen iodide decomposition. These silica membranes were prepared with a three-layer structure comprising an porous alumina support layer, an intermediate silica layer fabricated using a sol-gel, and a top silica layer fabricated by counter-diffusion chemical vapor deposition. Scaling up of this type of silica membrane is attempted for the first time in order to produce hydrogen at a large-scale. The resulting membranes exhibit good surface uniformity with length and have no defects, especially existence of pinholes. Thus, these silica membranes appear to be suitable for membrane reactor applications to produce hydrogen in on a large-scale.

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