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報告書

コールドクルーシブル誘導加熱法を用いた炉心酸化物溶融物中の成分偏析に関する研究(共同研究)

須藤 彩子; M$'e$sz$'a$ros, B.*; 佐藤 拓未; 永江 勇二

JAEA-Research 2023-007, 31 Pages, 2023/11

JAEA-Research-2023-007.pdf:3.61MB

東京電力ホールディングス(株)福島第一原子力発電所で形成された燃料デブリの臨界評価のためには、燃料デブリ中に含まれる成分の偏析傾向を把握することは非常に重要である。特に、燃料デブリ中で中性子吸収材としての役割を担うと考えられるFeおよびGdの分布状況は臨界性に大きな影響を与えると考えられる。本研究では炉心酸化物溶融物中の凝固過程におけるFeおよびGdの偏析傾向を解明するため、コールドクルーシブル誘導加熱法を用い炉心構成材料(UO$$_{2}$$、ZrO$$_{2}$$、FeO、Gd$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$、模擬核分裂生成物(MoO$$_{3}$$、Nd$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$、SrO、RuO$$_{2}$$))、コンクリート主成分(SiO$$_{2}$$、Al$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$、CaO)の溶融凝固試験を行った。本試験では、加熱中溶融試料を徐々に下部に引き抜くことによって、下部から上部に向かって凝固させることを実現した。元素分析の結果、Feは試験体中心付近で試験体下部の最大3.4倍濃縮することがわかった。FeOの初期組成、冷却速度、相分離の有無にかかわらず、すべての試験体でFeの試験体中心部付近への偏析が確認された。このことから、FeOは溶融物中で最終凝固領域に向けて偏析することが考えられる。一方、Gdは試験体中の試験体下部で試験体中心付近の最大2.6倍濃縮した。Gd$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$は初期組成1at.%以上の場合、冷却速度、相分離の有無にかかわらず、すべての試験体で試験体下部への偏析が確認された。このことから、Gd$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$は溶融物中に1at.%以上含まれる場合、初期に凝固する領域に偏析することが考えられる。一方、模擬核分裂生成物の顕著な偏析は確認されなかった。

論文

令和4年度開始「廃炉・汚染水・処理水対策事業費補助金(燃料デブリの性状把握のための分析・推定技術の開発(原子炉圧力容器の損傷状況等の推定のための技術開発)」2022年度最終報告

山下 拓哉; 下村 健太; 永江 勇二; 山路 哲史*; 溝上 伸也; 三次 岳志; 小山 真一

廃炉・汚染水・処理水対策事業事務局ホームページ(インターネット), 53 Pages, 2023/10

令和4年度に原子力機構が補助事業者となって実施した「廃炉・汚染水・処理水対策事業費補助金(燃料デブリの性状把握のための分析・推定技術の開発(原子炉圧力容器の損傷状況等の推定のための技術開発))の成果概要を、最終報告として取りまとめた。本報告資料は、廃炉・汚染水・処理水対策事業費事務局ウェブサイトにて公開される。

論文

Numerical simulation method using a Cartesian grid for oxidation of core materials under steam-starved conditions

山下 晋; 佐藤 拓未; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝; 吉田 啓之

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 60(9), p.1029 - 1045, 2023/09

 被引用回数:0 パーセンタイル:0.01(Nuclear Science & Technology)

We newly developed a detailed simulation method for the oxide layer growth/recession under steam-starved conditions using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodologies to elaborate the understanding of failure conditions of fuel assemblies during severe accidents. The new method uses the concept of the distance function in a Cartesian grid and is implemented in the original multiphase/multicomponent CFD code named JUPITER (JAEA Utility Program for Interdisciplinary Thermal-hydraulics Engineering and Research). A distance calculation of the normal direction from the interface is generally difficult in a Cartesian grid. However, the distance function can give a distance normal to the surface of materials by referring to the value of the function. Thus, the growth/recession calculations, which require the distance normal to the interface, become very easy. We checked the availability of JUPITER, considering these models against the verification and validation problems. As a result, we confirmed that JUPITER gives good results, which may contribute to understanding the progress of core degradation under steam-starved conditions.

論文

Study on chemical interaction between UO$$_{2}$$ and Zr at precisely controlled high temperatures

白数 訓子; 佐藤 拓未; 鈴木 晶大*; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 60(6), p.697 - 714, 2023/06

 被引用回数:0 パーセンタイル:75.85(Nuclear Science & Technology)

ジルカロイ被覆管とUO$$_{2}$$燃料の溶融反応のメカニズム解明に資するため、温度誤差が可能な限り最小となるよう検討を行い、1840$$^{circ}$$Cから2000$$^{circ}$$Cの範囲でZrとUO$$_{2}$$の高温反応試験を実施した。UO$$_{2}$$るつぼにZr試料を装荷し、アルゴン雰囲気中加熱を行い、生成した反応相の成長状況や溶融状態、組織変化の観察を行った。1890 $$^{circ}$$Cから1930 $$^{circ}$$Cで加熱した試料は、丸く変形しており、$$alpha$$-Zr(O)相と、少量のU-Zr-O溶体相で形成されていた。1940$$^{circ}$$C以上で加熱した試料は大きく変形し、急激に溶体形成反応が進行する様子が観測された。U-Zr-O溶体相の形成反応はZr(O)中の酸素濃度に依存し、酸素濃度の低いZr(O)へ反応はどんどん進展する。そして酸素含有量が高いZr(O)中では、U-Zr-O溶体相の生成が抑制されることが確認された。

報告書

事故時の原子炉圧力容器及び炉内構造物の解析評価に用いる強度特性データ集

下村 健太; 山下 拓哉; 永江 勇二

JAEA-Data/Code 2022-012, 270 Pages, 2023/03

JAEA-Data-Code-2022-012.pdf:38.25MB

発電用原子炉である軽水炉において、東京電力ホールディングス株式会社福島第一原子力発電所と同様な全交流電源喪失が発生した場合には、原子炉圧力容器(RPV: Reactor Pressure Vessel)内の冷却機能の喪失、炉内の水位低下による燃料棒の露出、炉心溶融に伴うRPVの破損やRPV破損に伴う炉内の放射線物質の漏えいが発生することが考えられる。事故進展におけるRPVの損傷、溶融した燃料デブリの流出・拡大等の過程を検証、推定することは、廃炉作業を進める上で重要な情報となる。RPVの破損要因については、RPV下部構造部に加えられる荷重・拘束に起因する破損(力学的破損)、低融点金属や高融点酸化物とRPV底部の構造部材との共晶現象による破損(材料間反応による破損)、RPV底部の構造部材の融点近傍での破損が考えられる。破損要因の内、力学的破損については、数値解析(熱流動解析及び構造解析)により検証を行う。このような数値解析を実施する際には、RPV及び炉内構造物を構成する材料(ジルコニウム,炭化ホウ素,ステンレス鋼,ニッケル合金,低合金鋼等)の融点近傍までの伝熱特性(熱伝導率,比熱,密度)や材料特性(熱膨張係数,ヤング率,ポアソン比,引張,クリープ)が必要となる。本資料においては、公開文献を基に、RPV及び炉内構造物を構成する各材料の融点近傍までの母材の特性データをデータ集として取りまとめた。なお、RPV及び炉内構造物を構成する構造物の中には溶接部も存在するため、今回限られたデータであるが、溶接部に関する特性データも併せて示した。

論文

Thermodynamic analysis for solidification path of simulated ex-vessel corium

佐藤 拓未; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝; Quaini, A.*; Gu$'e$neau, C.*

CALPHAD; Computer Coupling of Phase Diagrams and Thermochemistry, 79, p.102481_1 - 102481_11, 2022/12

 被引用回数:0 パーセンタイル:0.01(Thermodynamics)

Investigation of the primary containment vessel inside the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station showed that a significant amount of the molten corium reached the bottom of the pedestal region. The molten corium and concrete likely caused a complex interaction called Molten Corium Concrete Interaction. The solidification hysteresis of these ex-vessel debris significantly influences its properties. We performed a thermodynamic analysis using the TAF-ID database to infer the solidification path of U-Zr-Al-Ca-Si-O molten corium, which was chosen for a prototypic system of ex-vessel debris. The solidification path for the CaO-rich sim-corium showed that (i) melting as a single liquid phase above 2430 K, (ii) selective solidification of the oxide-rich corium mainly consisted of fuel materials, and (iii) solidification of the remaining materials as a silicate matrix. In contrast, the solidification path for the SiO$$_{2}$$-rich corium indicated that (i) formation of liquid miscibility gap above 2200 K between U-rich and Zr-rich oxidic melts, (ii) individual precipitation of solid phases in each liquid phase.

論文

X ray spectroscopy on $$Xi$$$$^-$$ atoms (J-PARC E03, E07 and future)

山本 剛史; 藤田 真奈美; 後神 利志*; 原田 健志*; 早川 修平*; 細見 健二; 市川 裕大; 石川 勇二*; 鎌田 健人*; 叶内 萌香*; et al.

EPJ Web of Conferences, 271, p.03001_1 - 03001_5, 2022/11

X-ray spectroscopy of hadronic atoms give us various information on the strong interaction between hadrons and nuclei. At J-PARC, we are aiming for the world-first detection of the X rays from atoms with a doubly strange hyperon, $$Xi$$$$^-$$. Recently, two experiments, J-PARC E07 and J-PARC E03, have been performed for the detection of X rays from $$Xi$$$$^-$$ atoms. Overview and status of these measurements will be presented. We will also discuss future plan of X-ray spectroscopy on $$Xi$$$$^-$$-atoms, which can be performed together with high resolution $$Xi$$$$^-$$ hyper nuclear spectroscopy using newly constructed S-2S spectrometer. Preparation status will be shown in this contribution.

論文

An Investigation of the microstructure and phase composition of the Zr bearing metallic debris in a bypass channel of a BWR fuel after the exothermic reaction in the CLADS-MADE-04 test

Pshenichnikov, A.; 倉田 正輝; 永江 勇二

Proceedings of International Topical Workshop on Fukushima Decommissioning Research (FDR2022) (Internet), 4 Pages, 2022/10

CLADS-MADE-04は、下部コア領域での溶融伝播挙動の理解を目的としたシリーズの次のテストである。この寄稿では、電子プローブ マイクロアナライザー(EPMA)によって調査された金属破片の微細構造を含む試験後分析の最近の結果について説明する。テスト中、制御棒ブレードの溶融は、比較的ゆっくりと(数cm/分)急激な強い熱放出の波で発生し、最も高温の領域から、劣化しつつある制御棒ブレードとチャネルボックスに沿って下方に広がり、ジルカロイ-4で作られた壁を消費した。サンプル支持板にも大きな損傷が発生した。このような金属リッチ破片の微細構造の調査により、強化された局所コア劣化のメカニズムを理解できるようになる。EPMAによる相同定を徹底した上で、放熱性が高く周囲への拡散の可能性があることを確認する必要がある。Fe-B共晶デブリとZr-Fe共晶デブリの違いについて概説する。これは、下部炉心プレートのメルトスルーと、下部プレナムへのZr-Fe溶融材料の進行の可能性を理解するために特に重要である。

論文

BWR lower head penetration failure test focusing on eutectic melting

山下 拓哉; 佐藤 拓未; 間所 寛; 永江 勇二

Annals of Nuclear Energy, 173, p.109129_1 - 109129_15, 2022/08

 被引用回数:0 パーセンタイル:0.01(Nuclear Science & Technology)

Decommissioning work occasioned by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (1F) accident of March 2011 is in progress. Severe accident (SA) analysis, testing, and internal investigation are being used to grasp the 1F internal state. A PWR system that refers to the TMI-2 accident is typical for SA codes and testing, on the other hand, a BWR system like 1F is uncommon, understanding the 1F internal state is challenging. The present study conducted the ELSA-1 test, a test that focused on damage from eutectic melting of the liquid metal pool and control rod drive (CRD), to elucidate the lower head (LH) failure mechanism in the 1F accident. The results demonstrated that depending on the condition of the melt pool formed in the lower plenum, a factor of LH boundary failure was due to eutectic melting. In addition, the state related to the CRD structure of 1F unit 2 were estimated.

論文

Ten years of Fukushima Dai-ichi post-accident research on the degradation phenomenology of the BWR core components

Pshenichnikov, A.; 柴田 裕樹; 山下 拓哉; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 59(3), p.267 - 291, 2022/03

 被引用回数:1 パーセンタイル:32.89(Nuclear Science & Technology)

The paper reviews the results of the JAEA and some International activities over the last ten years of research on the understanding of the core components melting and debris formation in boiling water reactors.

論文

Raman investigation of the CLADS-MADE-02 test debris to confirm the mechanism of the volatile and non-volatile boron compounds formation

Pshenichnikov, A.; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝

Proceedings of TopFuel 2021 (Internet), 12 Pages, 2021/10

The results of the several recent tests performed in JAEA/CLADS are outlined in this paper. However, particular point of this work is focused on the interesting effect that was found on the debris, that contained partially reacted B$$_{4}$$C (control blade debris). A Raman investigation of the control blade metallic debris helped to refine the governing mechanism of the B-compounds formation and transport, which is probably specific mostly for BWRs due to unique bundle configuration and materials morphology. All these factors may directly influence the accident progression in BWR and influence the final debris properties.

論文

A BWR control blade degradation observed in situ during a CLADS-MADE-02 test under Fukushima Dai-Ichi Unit 3 postulated conditions

Pshenichnikov, A.; 倉田 正輝; 永江 勇二

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 58(9), p.1025 - 1037, 2021/09

 被引用回数:2 パーセンタイル:47.54(Nuclear Science & Technology)

The paper summarizes the results of the control blade degradation test CLADS-MADE-02 performed in JAEA. The test focused at the beginning phase of the accident at Fukushima Dai-Ichi (1F) Unit 3. The investigation provided important data, especially on the temperature history, exhaust gas measurement and in situ video of metallic debris formation and relocation to the colder elevations under the test scenario, which reproduced oxidizing conditions during the initial phase of the 1F Unit 3 reactor heat-up. Based on the test results, some decommissioning related conclusions concerning the formation of new B-rich phases containing Cr and Fe were made.

論文

Features of a BWR neutron absorber melt relocation in an oxidative environment during the CLADS-MADE-02 test

Pshenichnikov, A.; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝

Proceedings of 28th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE 28) (Internet), 7 Pages, 2021/08

The work on the understanding of the accident progression at the Units of the Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear Power Plant (1F) is ongoing. This contribution gives a part of detailed investigations of the control blade melt propagation downwards through the prototypic BWR bundle assembly during the CLADS-MADE-02 test, where the conditions of the 1F Unit 3 was simulated. Interesting features emerged in an oxidative environment.

論文

Comparison of the observed Fukushima Dai-ichi Unit 2 debris with simulated debris from the CLADS-MADE-01 control blade degradation test

Pshenichnikov, A.; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 58(4), p.416 - 425, 2021/04

 被引用回数:9 パーセンタイル:82.73(Nuclear Science & Technology)

The paper describes the attempt of comparison of the simulated test CLADS-MADE-01 debris with the observed in the Unit 2. Similarities between them allowed to make conclusions on their possible source. During the test under postulated 1F Unit 2 simulated conditions a complex behaviour of the test sample with formation of mostly three types of debris was observed. A possible mechanism of stone-like debris formation in 1F case is discussed. The results of this paper broaden our understanding of the metallic debris properties after core degradation for a special case of steam-starved conditions at 1F Unit 2.

論文

Visualization of the boron distribution in core material melting and relocation specimen by neutron energy resolving method

阿部 雄太; 土川 雄介; 甲斐 哲也; 松本 吉弘*; Parker, J. D.*; 篠原 武尚; 大石 佑治*; 加美山 隆*; 永江 勇二; 佐藤 一憲

JPS Conference Proceedings (Internet), 33, p.011075_1 - 011075_6, 2021/03

Since the hardness of fuel debris containing boride from B$$_{4}$$C pellet in control rod is estimated to be two times higher as that of oxide, such as UO$$_{2}$$ and ZrO$$_{2}$$, distribution of such boride in the fuel debris formed in the Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Power Plants may affect the process of debris cutting and removal. The high neutron absorption of boron may affect the possibility of re-criticality during the process of debris removal. Therefore, boride distribution in fuel debris is regarded as an important issue to be addressed. However, boron tends to have difficult in quantification with conventionally applied methods like EPMA and XPS. In this study, accelerator-driven neutron-imaging system was applied. Since boron is the material for neutron absorption, its sensitivity in terms of neutron penetration through specimens is concerned. To adjust neutron attenuation of a specimen to suit a particular measurement by selecting the neutron energy range, we focused on the energy resolved neutron imaging system RADEN, which utilizes wide energy range from meV to keV. Development of a method to visualize boron distribution using energy-resolved neutrons has been started. In this presentation the authors show the status of the development of a method utilizing energy-resolved neutrons and provide some outcome from its application to the Core Material Melting and Relocation (CMMR)-0 and -2 specimens.

論文

Feasibility study of PGAA for boride identification in simulated melted core materials

土川 雄介; 阿部 雄太; 大石 佑治*; 甲斐 哲也; 藤 暢輔; 瀬川 麻里子; 前田 亮; 木村 敦; 中村 詔司; 原田 正英; et al.

JPS Conference Proceedings (Internet), 33, p.011074_1 - 011074_6, 2021/03

福島原子力発電所の解体作業では、溶融した燃料棒に含まれるホウ素分布を事前に把握することが重要である。溶融燃料棒の模擬試験体を用意し、ホウ素やホウ化物の含有量を調査する研究が行われてきた。本研究では、その一環として中性子を用いたホウ素並びにホウ化物分布の測定技術開発を行った。ホウ素の中性子吸収に伴う即発ガンマ線を測定し、ホウ素量や二次元分布を測定した。また、n(B,$$alpha$$$$gamma$$)反応における478keV$$gamma$$線は、ホウ素の化合状態により、$$gamma$$線ピークの幅が変化することが知られている。このことを用い、特に溶融燃料棒周辺に存在することが予測されているZrBやFeBといったホウ化物の識別可能性について調査した。測定はJ-PARC/MLFのANNRI, NOBORU, RADENにて行った。これらの解析結果について報告する。

論文

Development of three-dimensional distribution visualization technology for boron using energy resolved neutron-imaging system (RADEN)

阿部 雄太; 土川 雄介; 甲斐 哲也; 松本 吉弘*; Parker, J. D.*; 篠原 武尚; 大石 佑治*; 加美山 隆*; 永江 勇二; 佐藤 一憲

Proceedings of 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE 2020) (Internet), 6 Pages, 2020/08

Boron carbide is used as a neutron-absorbing material in Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (1F), producing borides that are twice as hard as oxides (such as UO$$_{2}$$ and ZrO$$_{2}$$). The high neutron absorption of boron affects the evaluation of re-criticality during the process of debris retrieval. Therefore, it is important not only to determine the presence of boron but also to investigate the distribution of boron inside the material in a non-destructive manner during decommissioning. To address the uncertainties in the core material relocation behavior of boiling water reactor (BWR) during a severe accident (SA), solidified melt specimens of a simulated fuel assembly were prepared by plasma heating. If core material melting and relocation (CMMR) specimens can be used to estimate the B distribution in 1F Unit-3, that will provide valuable information in the decommissioning of 1F. To address this, the authors focused on the energy-resolved neutron imaging system, RADEN, which utilizes a wide energy range, from meV to keV. This is an innovative three-dimensional analysis technology for boride distribution that affects the evaluation of hardness and re-criticality. In the calibration standard samples (Zr$$_{x}$$B$$_{1-x}$$ and Fe$$_{x}$$B$$_{1-x}$$), there was a good correlation between boron concentration and the energy-dependence of the cross sections of cold and epi-thermal neutrons. In the CMMR specimens, boron distribution was confirmed from the contrast difference between cold and epi-thermal neutrons. In the future, the results of calibration standard samples will be applied to the results of CMMR specimens. With this method, three-dimensional boron distribution will be measured, and the understanding of boride distribution 1F Unit-3 will be improved, which may be reflected in an improved SA code.

論文

On the degradation progression of a BWR control blade under high-temperature steam-starved conditions

Pshenichnikov, A.; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝

Mechanical Engineering Journal (Internet), 7(3), p.19-00503_1 - 19-00503_10, 2020/06

High-temperature control blade degradation tests simulating a beginning phase of a severe accident in BWRs has been comprehensively performed in Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). In the latest test, a mock-up of BWR bundle material has been investigated under postulated Fukushima Dai-Ichi (1F) Unit 2 accident conditions in a complex heating transient scenario including a phase of lack of available steam. The progress in control blade degradation was monitored with help of an in situ video and the detailed analysis of the solidified metallic melt, so-called metallic debris, was carried out by conventional SEM and XRD methods. These results indicated that the composition of the metallic debris at different elevations has been significantly changed due to the redistribution and relocation of steel elements under the influence of B and C, sometimes accompanied by a formation of high-melting-point layers. The results of this paper significantly contribute to the physical understanding of control blade degradation phenomenology during beginning phase of a core degradation for a special case of steam-starved conditions at 1F Unit 2.

論文

Segregation behavior of Fe and Gd in molten corium during solidification progress

須藤 彩子; Meszaros, B.*; Poznyak, I.*; 佐藤 拓未; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝

Journal of Nuclear Materials, 533, p.152093_1 - 152093_8, 2020/05

 被引用回数:4 パーセンタイル:46.37(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)

For a criticality assessment of the fuel debris generated by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, knowing the segregation of neutron absorber materials, ${it i.e.}$, Gd, B, and Fe, in the fuel debris is necessary. Although B may mostly evaporate during melting, Fe and Gd are expected to remain in the molten corium. To understand the redistribution behavior of Gd and Fe during the solidification of the molten corium, solidification experiments with simulated corium (containing UO$$_{2}$$, ZrO$$_{2}$$, FeO, and Gd$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$ with a small amount of simulated fission products such as MoO$$_{3}$$, Nd$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$, SrO, and RuO$$_{2}$$) were performed using a cold crucible induction heating method. The simulated corium was slowly cooled from 2,500$$^{circ}$$C and solidified from the bottom to the top of the melt. An elemental analysis analysis of the solidified material showed that the Fe concentration in the inner region increased up to approximately 3.4 times that in the bottom region. This suggested that FeO might be concentrated in the residual melt and that, consequently, the concentration of Fe increased in the later solidification region. On the contrary, the Gd concentration in the periphery region was found to be approximately 2.0 times higher than that in the inner region, suggesting the segregation of Gd in the early solidified phase. No significant segregation was observed for the simulated fission products.

論文

New research programme of JAEA/CLADS to reduce the knowledge gaps revealed after an accident at Fukushima-1; Introduction of boiling water reactor mock-up assembly degradation test programme

Pshenichnikov, A.; 倉田 正輝; Bottomley, D.; 佐藤 一憲; 永江 勇二; 山崎 宰春

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 57(4), p.370 - 379, 2020/04

 被引用回数:10 パーセンタイル:66.42(Nuclear Science & Technology)

The new research and development programme of JAEA/CLADS tests complement the previous investigations related to BWR severe accidents. A series of tests aiming at closing the gaps in understanding of the Fukushima Daiichi degradation sequence at each unit. The paper emphasises the problem of control blade degradation, which influences the accident progression at an early stage and shows the approach for thorough investigation of this problem.

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