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Martin, P. G.*; Jones, C. P.*; Bartlett, S.*; Ignatyev, K.*; Megson-Smith, D.*; 佐藤 志彦; Cipiccia, S.*; Batey, D. J.*; Rau, C.*; 末木 啓介*; et al.
Scientific Reports (Internet), 10, p.22056_1 - 22056_17, 2020/12
被引用回数：1 パーセンタイル：7.05(Multidisciplinary Sciences)The structural form and elemental distribution of material originating from different Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant reactors (Units 1 and 3) is hereby examined to elucidate their contrasting release dynamics and the current in-reactor conditions to influence future decommissioning challenges. Complimentary computed X-ray absorption tomography and X-ray fluorescence data show that the two suites of Si-based material sourced from the different reactor Units have contrasting internal structure and compositional distribution. The known event and condition chronology correlate with the observed internal and external structures of the particulates examined, which suggest that Unit 1 ejecta material sustained a greater degree of melting than that likely derived from reactor Unit 3. In particular, we attribute the near-spherical shape of Unit 1 ejecta and their internal voids to there being sufficient time for surface tension to round these objects before the hot (and so relatively low viscosity) silicate melt cooled to form glass. In contrast, a more complex internal form associated with the sub-mm particulates invoked to originate from Unit 3 suggest a lower peak temperature, over a longer duration. Using volcanic analogues, we consider the structural form of this material and how it relates to its environmental particulate stability and the bulk removal of residual materials from the damaged reactors. We conclude that the brittle and angular Unit 3 particulate are more susceptible to further fragmentation and particulate generation hazard than the round, higher-strength, more homogenous Unit 1 material.
Okeme, I. C.*; Scott, T. B.*; Martin, P. G.*; 佐藤 志彦; Ojonimi, T. I.*; Olaluwoye, M. O.*
Minerals (Internet), 10(3), p.241_1 - 241_15, 2020/03
被引用回数：7 パーセンタイル：54.69(Geochemistry & Geophysics)Natural radionuclide concentrations in coal and associated fly ash can occur at levels well in excess of those observed in other materials; enough to raise potential human and environmental health concerns when (re)suspended or incorporated into construction materials. To evaluate such concerns, this study characterised coal and fly ash samples obtained from two Nigerian coal mines (Okaba and Omelewu) using high resolution gamma spectroscopy combined with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Discrete uraninite particles were observed dispersed within the fly ash samples, alongside U and Th containing mineral grains (monazite, xenotime and zircon) with monazite the most abundant radioactive mineral particles. The pitted and cracked surface morphologies of these radioactive particles (with sizes between 10
m and 80m) indicates their susceptibility for disintegration into more dangerous and readily inhalable PM2.5 aerosol particles, with the potential to deliver localised dose and cause chronic respiratory diseases. While the results of activity concentrations and radiological hazard indices (radium equivalent, annual effective dose equivalent, total radium, and excess lifetime cancer risk) from Okaba and Omelewu coal samples were of no concern, results for the corresponding fly ash samples from both mines were between 3 and 5 times higher than internationally recommended safe limits. These results therefore imply that such coal-derived fly ash is not safe for incorporation in the construction of residential houses and should be properly disposed of or contained to prevent hazard due to increased risk of prolonged indoor exposure to gamma radiation, radon gas and inhalation of liberated radioactive particles.
Martin, P. G.*; Jones, C. P.*; Cipiccia, S.*; Batey, D. J.*; Hallam, K. R.*; 佐藤 志彦; Griffiths, I.*; Rau, C.*; Richards, D. A.*; 末木 啓介*; et al.
Scientific Reports (Internet), 10(1), p.1636_1 - 1636_11, 2020/01
被引用回数：8 パーセンタイル：34.78(Multidisciplinary Sciences)Both the three-dimensional internal structure and elemental distribution of near-field radioactive fallout particulate material released during the March 2011 accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant is analysed using combined high-resolution laboratory and synchrotron radiation X-ray techniques. Results from this study allow for the proposition of the likely formation mechanism of the particles, as well as the potential risks associated with their existence in the environment, and the likely implications for future planned reactor decommissioning. A suite of particles is analyzed from a locality 2 km from the north-western perimeter of the site north of the primary contaminant plume in an area formerly attributed to being contaminated by fallout from reactor Unit 1. The particles are shown to exhibit significant structural similarities; being amorphous with a textured exterior, and containing inclusions of contrasting compositions, as well as an extensive internal void volume bimodal in its size distribution. A heterogeneous distribution of the various elemental constituents is observed inside a representative particle, which also exhibited a Fukushima-derived radiocesium (
Cs, 
Cs and 
Cs) signature with negligible natural Cs. We consider the structure and composition of the particle to suggest it formed from materials associated with the reactor Unit 1 building explosion, with debris fragments embedded into the particles surface. Such a high void ratio, comparable to geological pumice, suggests such material formed during a rapid depressurisation and is potentially susceptible to fragmentation through attrition.
Martin, P. G.*; Louvel, M.*; Cipiccia, S.*; Jones, C. P.*; Batey, D. J.*; Hallam, K. R.*; Yang, I. A. X.*; 佐藤 志彦; Rau, C.*; Mosselmans, J. F. W.*; et al.
Nature Communications (Internet), 10, p.2801_1 - 2801_7, 2019/06
被引用回数：26 パーセンタイル：77.9(Multidisciplinary Sciences)二次イオン質量分析(SIMS)測定とシンクロトロン放射(SR)分析技術を福島第一原子力発電所(FDNPP)の1号機原子炉由来のサブミリメートル粒状物質に対して分析を行った。これらの方法によりより大きなSiベースの放出物に含まれるミクロンスケールのU微粒子の分布、状態および同位体組成を調査することが可能であった。SRマイクロフォーカスX線蛍光(SR-micro-XRF)と吸収コントラストSRマイクロフォーカスX線トモグラフィー(SR-micro-XRT)を組み合わせることにより、U微粒子は粒子の外周の周りに位置することがわかった。高多孔質粒子これらの捕捉された粒子のいくつかのシンクロトロン放射マイクロフォーカスX線吸収端近傍構造(SR-micro-XANES)分析により、U(IV)酸化状態で存在することを明らかにした。このUが原発由来であることの確認は、FDNPPの1号機からの出所に特徴的な同位体濃縮比を有する二次イオン質量分析(SIMS)分析によって検証された。これらの結果は、使用済み燃料放出物が存在するという事象シナリオ(炉心1号機からある程度の炉心細分化および放出が起こったこと)の明確な証拠である。このUが環境や健康への危害を表す可能性は低いと予想されるが、将来的に母材であるSi含有バルク粒子の分解が生じると推定される。
Martin, P. G.*; 佐藤 志彦; Griffiths, I.*; Richards, D.*; Scott, T.*
Frontiers in Energy Research (Internet), 5, p.25_1 - 25_9, 2017/09
被引用回数：22 パーセンタイル：50.02(Energy & Fuels)Three large high radioactivity particulate fragments, each several 100 m in diameter, have been recovered from the region immediately surrounding the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Through the application of high-resolution electron and ion-beam methods, this work has sought to investigate the structure and composition of this fibrous surface morphology. By evaluating this, a potential material source can be determined, alongside important information relating to the conditions/events at the time of the reactor explosions and catastrophic release of radioactive materials. The results of this study show that the fibrous features associated with these large radiocesium-containing particles share a common elemental composition. With respect to the surrounding particle, the fibers are enriched in Si, Cl, and Fe, while depleted in both Zn and Al. Based on composition, these fibers are ascribed to thermal insulating material used within the plant, which was sufficiently heated during the loss of coolant incident at the plant to be incorporated into the molten ejecta material that rapidly solidified upon quenching in air. Elemental analysis of these fibers does not reveal any evidence of leaching or the presence of actinide materials.
Bolton, P.; Borghesi, M.*; Brenner, C.*; Carroll, D. C.*; De Martinis, C.*; Fiorini, F.*; Flacco, A.*; Floquet, V.*; Fuchs, J.*; Gallegos, P.*; et al.
Physica Medica; European Journal of Medical Physics, 30(3), p.255 - 270, 2014/05
被引用回数：77 パーセンタイル：88.84(Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging)Suitable instrumentation for laser-accelerated proton (ion) beams is critical to the development of integrated, laser-driven ion accelerator systems. Instrumentation aimed at beam diagnostics and control must be applied to the driving laser pulse, the laser-plasma that it forms at the target and the emergent proton (ion) bunch in a correlated way to develop these novel accelerators. This report is a brief overview of established diagnostic techniques and new developments based on material presented at the first workshop on "Instrumentation for Diagnostics and Control of Laser-accelerated Proton (ion) Beams" in Abingdon, UK. It includes radiochromic film (RCF), image plate (IP), the micro-channel plate (MCP), the Thomson spectrometer, prompt inline scintillation, time and space-resolved interferometry (TASRI) and nuclear activation schemes. Repetition-rated instrumentation requirements for target metrology are also addressed.
Bottino, A.*; Scott, B. D.*; Brunner, S.*; McMillan, B. F.*; Tran, T. M.*; Vernay, T.*; Villard, L.*; Jolliet, S.; Hatzky, R.*; Peeters, A. G.*
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 38(9), p.2129 - 2135, 2010/09
被引用回数：26 パーセンタイル：69.51(Physics, Fluids & Plasmas)The particle-in-cell code ORB5 is a global gyrokinetic turbulence simulation code in tokamak geometry. It solves the gyrokinetic equation in the whole plasma core, including the magnetic axis. A field-aligned filtering procedure and sophisticated noise/control and heating operators allow for accurate simulations. Recently, the code ORB5 has been extended to include self-consistent perpendicular magnetic field perturbations. The inclusion of magnetic perturbations allows for a comprehensive study of finite 
effects on microinstability. In this paper, we present the first linear and nonlinear code results concerning electromagnetic effects on tokamak microinstabilities.
calculation of ionization distributions and radiation losses for tungsten in tokamak plasmasRalchenko, Y.*; Abdallah, J. Jr.*; Bar-Shalom, A.*; Bauche, J.*; Bauche-Arnoult, C.*; Bowen, C.*; Busquet, M.*; Chung, H.-K.*; Colgan, J.*; Faussurier, G.*; et al.
AIP Conference Proceedings 1161, p.242 - 250, 2009/08
磁場閉じ込め核融合で用いられるタングステンプラズマにおけるイオン分布と放射損失の計算結果について述べる。シミュレーションは、nonLTEコード比較ワークショップの一環として行われたもので、各著者によって独立に開発した衝突輻射モデルの相互比較を行った。コード間で全体的に良い一致が見られたが、温度2
3keVの低温の条件において、実験結果と顕著な違いが認められた。
RfQian, J.*; Heinz, A.*; Khoo, T. L.*; Janssens, R. V. F.*; Peterson, D.*; Seweryniak, D.*; Ahmad, I.*; 浅井 雅人; Back, B. B.*; Carpenter, M. P.*; et al.
Physical Review C, 79(6), p.064319_1 - 064319_13, 2009/06
被引用回数：31 パーセンタイル：83.95(Physics, Nuclear)アルゴンヌ国立研究所の反跳核分離装置を用いて、Rfの
線,
線,内部転換電子測定実験を行った。Rfの励起状態に、高いK量子数を持った3準粒子状態と解釈される半減期160秒の新核異性体を発見した。また、崩壊の抑止係数より、Rfの娘核である
Noの1準粒子状態の中性子軌道配位を同定した。中性子数151核の1/2
[620]準位の励起エネルギーの系統性より、中性子数152の変形閉殻の大きさが、原子番号が増えるにつれて大きくなることを明らかにした。
