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Zhang, Y.*; 丸澤 賢人*; 工藤 航平*; 諸岡 聡; Gong, W.; Harjo, S.; 宮本 吾郎*; 古原 忠*
Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 275, p.250 - 259, 2026/12
被引用回数：0This study examines how substitutional alloying elements (Mn, Cr, Al, and Si) influence low-temperature tempering reactions in high carbon martensitic steels. Through comprehensive experimental techniques including 
neutron diffraction et al., the work clarifies how alloying modifies tempering kinetics by affecting carbon diffusion and phase nucleation. Al and Cr strongly suppress martensite tetragonality reduction and carbon redistribution, while retained austenite decomposes in two stages that are selectively delayed by different alloying elements. Overall, the tempering sequence and kinetics are shown to be governed by alloying-dependent control of carbon mobility and phase transformations.
Shi, W.*; 町田 昌彦; 岡本 孝司*; Luo, X.*; Feng, W.*; Liu, X.*
Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 272, Part1, p.112538_1 - 112538_18, 2026/08
深刻な原子力事故時における緊急対応の信頼性は、放射性線源分布をリアルタイムで確実に監視できるかどうかに大きく依存する。しかし、この安全機能は、監視の死角を生じさせる物理的制約や動的な放出を追跡するには静的手法が不十分であるという問題によって大きく制約されている。本研究では、線源推定の信頼性およびロバスト性を向上させるため、時間正則化を導入したLASSO回帰に基づく動的再構成フレームワークを提案する。具体的には、スライディングウィンドウ型の時間ペナルティ機構を導入し、時間ステップ間の線源変化に対して
ノルム制約を課すことで、物理的連続性を確保する。また、放射線遮蔽や時間的に変動する強度によるバイアスを補正するため、寄与行列および測定ベクトルを正規化した。検証には、内部遮蔽を有する二室モデルを用い、PHITS(モンテカルロシミュレーション)を用いて実施した結果、遠隔測定データから動的線源を高精度に再構成できることが示された。時間正則化は、空間エイリアシングを抑制し、状況認識能力を向上させる。スライディングウィンドウ幅
(正則化なし)の場合、ホットスポット位置は大きく変動し、平均絶対誤差の変動量は約
であった。一方、
では空間的一貫性が改善され、誤差変動量は
程度まで低減した。比較解析の結果、精度と計算コストのバランスの観点から
が最適であることが示された。本研究は、困難な条件下においても線源位置および強度を高精度で追跡可能とする、動的ハザード評価のためのより信頼性の高い手法を提示するものである。提案手法は、原子力施設における緊急時管理のレジリエンスと安全性を向上させる意思決定支援ツールとしての活用が期待される。
宮崎 加奈子*; 笛田 和希*; 門脇 正尚; 寺田 宏明; 香西 直文; 岩田 孟; 堀江 憲路*; 竹原 真美*; 山崎 信哉*; Grambow, B.*; et al.
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 511, p.142180_1 - 142180_17, 2026/06
被引用回数：0Radioactive cesium-rich microparticles (CsMPs) released from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) in 2011 pose a persistent environmental concern, yet their initial atmospheric dispersion has remained poorly constrained. To elucidate their release dynamics, we quantified CsMPs in 100 surface soil samples collected across Fukushima Prefecture in July 2011. CsMP abundance and radioactive fraction (RF) ranged from 0 to 52,300 particles kg
; (dry weight) and 0-61.85% of deposited 
Cs, respectively. Integrating these results with WSPEEDI atmospheric simulations reveals a major formation event of CsMPs around 03:00 JST on 15th March 2011. The plume emitted at this time was heavily enriched in CsMPs, whereas plumes released after 00:00 JST on 16th March 2011 contained no detectable CsMPs, indicating that particle formation had ceased by then. The widespread distribution of CsMPs across Fukushima Prefecture is therefore attributed primarily to this single plume on 15th March 2011. Directional differences in CsMP abundance reflect temporal variations in CsMP density within the plume, with maximum estimated concentrations of 2,070 particles m
; toward the southwest and 4,700 particles m; toward the northwest. Additionally, elevated CsMP densities coupled with relatively low RF in the northwest suggest supplementary deposition of water-soluble cesium between 17:00 and 23:00 JST on 15 March. These findings constrain the timing and mechanisms of CsMP formation and dispersion, providing essential insights for environmental reconstruction and future radiological risk assessment.
magnetic order with spatially alternating spin scalar chirality in overdoped Co
TaS
Cho, W.*; Park, P.*; Kim, C.*; An, Y.*; 飯田 一樹*; 梶本 亮一; Matin, S.*; Sibille, R.*; Crooker, S. A.*; Park, J.-G.*
Physical Review B, 113(17), p.174410_1 - 174410_14, 2026/05
被引用回数：0Co
TaS (
) exhibits a spontaneous Hall effect from spin texture in antiferromagnets, with a tetrahedral triple-Q () order and uniform spin scalar chirality. Upon Co overdoping (
), it undergoes a shift in magnetic ordering vectors from 
to 
. Interestingly, the spontaneous Hall effect disappeared in the overdoped regime, which was originally attributed to the loss of order. However, a question remains whether a new type of order can exist with alternating chirality in the overdoped regime. To address this, we investigated CoTaS using inelastic neutron scattering (INS), neutron diffraction, and optical dichroism, and found that INS data and spin-wave simulations support a order with alternating chirality. Moreover, neutron diffraction data show field-independent Bragg peaks, while linear dichroism detects no in-plane anisotropy, consistent with threefold rotation symmetry. Our data support the scenario of an alternating-chirality order in CoTaS, cancelling the spontaneous Hall effect. This study highlights a combined neutron-optical approach to identify complex spin textures.
neutron diffraction mapping measurement山下 享介*; 柳樂 知也*; Gong, W.; 川崎 卓郎; Harjo, S.; 潮田 浩作*; 藤井 英俊*
ISIJ International, 66(5), p.673 - 684, 2026/04
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.00(Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering)In this study, neutron diffraction mapping was performed on linear friction welded (LFW) joints of 12 mm thick high-phosphorus weathering steel (SPA-H) to evaluate residual stress, dislocation density, and crystallographic orientation. Welding was conducted under applied pressures of 100 and 250 MPa. The weld interface mainly consisted of refined ferrite with minor retained austenite and martensite, indicating reverse transformation to austenite during welding. The 250 MPa condition resulted in a lower welding temperature. Elongated grains were observed near the surface along the oscillation direction, while equiaxed grains appeared at the center. Both joints showed high tensile residual stresses at the weld center and compressive stresses near the surface. Higher applied pressure increased dislocation density because of suppressed dynamic recovery. Strong texture formation due to plastic flow was observed, while the effect of applied pressure on texture development was limited.
Jiang, L.*; Wang, H. H.*; Su, Y. H.; 徐 平光; 篠原 武尚; Xia, B.*; Wang, Y. W.*
Journal of Materials Science, 61(14), p.9754 - 9775, 2026/04
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.00(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)In this study, pulsed neutron Bragg-edge transmission imaging was employed to characterize plastic deformation of high-manganese austenitic steel during cryogenic impact fracture. Electron backscatter diffraction was used to examine the microstructural evolution. The results reveal that the Bragg-edge width was identified as the critical value for large plastic deformation. Both crack initiation and stable crack growth regions exhibited higher levels of plastic deformation, twin density, and dislocation density compared to unstable crack growth regions. As the test temperature decreased from 273 K to 77 K, the transition point from stable to unstable crack growth occurred earlier. This is responsible for the reduction in impact absorbed energy. These findings provide new insights into the cryogenic toughening mechanism of high-manganese steel.
Xia, B.*; Wang, H. H.*; Su, Y. H.; 徐 平光; 篠原 武尚; Wang, Y. W.*
Materials Science & Engineering A, 957, p.149940_1 - 149940_7, 2026/04
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.00(Nanoscience & Nanotechnology)The cryogenic fracture mechanism of high-Mn austenitic steels was investigated using a quasi-in situ experiment of interrupted Charpy impact test, together with electron backscatter diffraction and neutron Bragg-edge transmission imaging. The results show that voids coalesce through void sheeting at 77 K, a fracture mechanism associated with superior cryogenic toughness. The widely and ring-like distributed deformation twins ahead of the crack tip contribute limitedly to alleviating strain localization at 77 K. However, by suppressing the increase in stress triaxiality, deformation twins play a key role in promoting void sheeting and preventing the transition to quasi-cleavage fracture. This work lays the foundation for subsequent investigations into cryogenic toughening.
Kyriakou, I.*; Papadopoulos, A.*; Polopetrakis, I.*; Kotroumbelou, C.*; Plante, I.*; 松谷 悠佑; 甲斐 健師; Qiu, R.*; Li, J.*; Kundr
t, P.*; et al.
Physics in Medicine & Biology, 71(8), p.085009_1 - 085009_25, 2026/04
被引用回数：0過去40年間にわたり、液体の水を対象としたモンテカルロ飛跡構造(MCTS)コードが世界中で数多く開発されてきたが、相互作用断面積は大きく異なる。本研究では、6種類の異なるMCTSコードの使用による、液相水中の低エネルギー電子輸送の物理的特性(電子阻止能、経路長、dose-point-kernel、微視的線量付与)の不確実性を評価することを目指した。コード間比較の結果により、特に100eV以下の低エネルギー領域において、MCTSコード間で大きな差異があることが明らかになり、電子線が重要な役割を果たすDNA損傷シミュレーションの精度に影響を与えることが示された。本研究は、液相水中の低エネルギー電子輸送計算に伴う不確実性を低減するために、MCTSコードで使用される物理モデルの更なる開発の必要性を浮き彫りにしている。
neutron diffraction study山下 享介*; 小山 元道*; Gong, W.; 川崎 卓郎; Harjo, S.; 潮田 浩作*; 藤井 英俊*
ISIJ International, 66(4), p.477 - 488, 2026/03
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.00(Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering)This study investigated strengthening mechanisms in friction stir welded (FSW) duplex stainless steel (DSS) using in situ neutron diffraction during tensile testing. Two welding conditions, FSW300 and FSW600, produced significant grain refinement, with 
grains below 1 
m in FSW300. Both conditions increased yield and tensile strength but reduced elongation compared with the base metal (BM), while FSW300 retained higher total elongation than FSW600. Neutron diffraction revealed that was the harder phase in the BM, whereas 
became the harder phase after FSW. Phase stress analysis showed that was more sensitive to grain refinement strengthening, shifting the dominant strengthening contribution from to . Although stacking faults in increased after FSW, work hardening of decreased, while showed enhanced texture development and dislocation accumulation.
Glazyrin, K.*; Spektor, K.*; Bykov, M.*; Carvalho, P. H. B.*; Dong, W.*; K
rmann, F.*; 佐野 亜沙美; 服部 高典; Beyer, D. C.*; Sahlberg, M.*; et al.
Nature Communications (Internet), 17, p.2622_1 - 2622_10, 2026/03
被引用回数：1 パーセンタイル：0.00(Multidisciplinary Sciences)高エントロピー材料の研究は様々な科学分野に貢献し、応用面で興味深い特性を次々と明らかにしている。本研究では、高温高圧下におけるX線・中性子飛行時間法実験および第一原理計算により、カンター合金(CoCrFeNiMn)の水素抵抗性を調査した。我々は、カンター合金組成に基づく面心立方(fcc)型水素化物の形成を報告する。さらに、水素含有量の推定を含むその特性評価を提供する。これらの知見は、高エントロピー合金および高エントロピー水素化物の複雑な化学に関する知見の蓄積に貢献するものである。
Cr
S
Zhao, G.*; Li, J.*; Zhang, J.*; 小嶋 健児*; Cai, Y.*; 伊藤 孝; Yoon, S. W.*; Wang, X.*; 前川 禎通*; Su, G.*; et al.
Physical Review Research (Internet), 8(1), p.013331_1 - 013331_10, 2026/03
Ferrotoroidic materials, which break both time- and space-reversal symmetries to enhance magnetoelectric responses, are of great interest for applications. BaCrS, a recently synthesized quasi-one-dimensional ferrotoroidic candidate, combines polarization, magnetization, and toroidal moment, yet its electronic band structure, magnetic evolution, and phase transitions remain incompletely understood to date. Here, we investigate BaCrS, using electrical transport, direct current magnetization, alternating current susceptibility, specific heat, and muon spin rotation (SR) measurements, along with various first-principles calculations. Electrical transport measurements and density functional theory confirm a narrow band gap (
0.707~eV, experimentally; 0.680~eV, theoretically). SR measurements reveal that static magnetism dominates down to 2~K, with an ordered volume fraction of 89% at this temperature. Two distinct transitions are identified: one around the N
el temperature [
~K] and another corresponding to a phase transition near 30~K, as consistently indicated by our complementary experimental techniques. The absence of dynamic critical behaviors and the lack of a 
-type specific heat anomaly are consistent with a first-order-like transition at 
. Based on various complementary experimental results and theoretical calculations, we propose a hypothesis that the 30~K broad feature arises from the complex interplay between crystal structure distortion and magnetic coupling, which is potentially directly linked to ferrotoroidicity. As the first study integrating SR with complementary experiments and first-principles calculations to explore ferrotoroidicity, this work provides key insights into the underlying physics of BaCrS and related compounds in this area.
SbO
Piyakulworawat, C.*; 森田 克洋*; 福元 好志*; Hsieh, W.-Y.*; Chen, W.-T.*; 中島 健次; 河村 聖子; Zhao, Y.*; Wannapaiboon, S.*; Piyawongwatthana, P.; et al.
Physical Review Research (Internet), 8(1), p.013247_1 - 013247_16, 2026/03
歪んだハニカム化合物CuSbOの中性子非弾性散乱および磁化データを、一次のダイマー展開計算と量子モンテカルロシミュレーションを用いて解析した。これまでに提案されたハニカム格子モデルとは対照的に、この系は相互作用するダイマースピン鎖を有し、鎖に沿って強磁性-反強磁性結合が交互に現れることが示された。さらに、他のCu
ベースの歪んだハニカム磁性体で観測される典型的な結合とは異なり、スピン鎖は、予想される層間の鎖間結合ではなく、主にハニカム層間に生じる反強磁性結合を介して結合する。つまり、CuSbOの磁気結合スキームが異なることが明らかになった。さらに、X線分光法と透過型電子顕微鏡を利用して、化合物の結晶構造と積層欠陥モデルも従来のモデルをより精密化した。
伊東 達矢; 小川 祐平*; Gong, W.; 川崎 卓郎; 柴田 曉伸*; Harjo, S.
Scripta Materialia, 273, p.117084_1 - 117084_6, 2026/03
被引用回数：3 パーセンタイル：0.00(Nanoscience & Nanotechnology)The effect of solute hydrogen on stacking fault evolution in austenitic steels remains debated. In this study, the changes in stacking fault probability in the 
111
//loading direction grains family (
) of hydrogen-charged and non-charged Fe-24Cr-19Ni austenitic steels were evaluated using 
neutron diffraction during tensile deformation at 223 and 177 K. When values were plotted against macroscopic strain, hydrogen apparently enhanced stacking fault evolution. However, when identical data were translated into the form of versus stress, the superficial hydrogen-effect on notably disappeared. Rather, deformation temperature played more predominant role - lower temperature led to higher regardless of hydrogen-charging, reflecting the reduction of stacking fault energy with decreasing temperature. These findings demonstrate that hydrogen has a minor effect on stacking fault evolution compared with temperature and applied stress.
Li, H.*; Gong, W.; 川崎 卓郎; Harjo, S.; Zheng, R.*; 他6名*
Acta Materialia, 305, p.121884_1 - 121884_10, 2026/02
被引用回数：2 パーセンタイル：0.00(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)The quest for lightweight and highly formable magnesium (Mg) alloys has drawn significant attention due to the growing demand for energy-efficient structural materials. Achieving high ductility in Mg at room temperature, which is critical for mass production of structural components, remains a formidable challenge despite decades of research. In this study, we demonstrate super-ductility in an ultrafine-grained (UFG) Mg alloy at room temperature. By microalloying with trace manganese (Mn) and reducing the grain size to sub-micron scale, Mg-0.3Mn binary alloy achieves an exceptional room temperature tensile elongation of 135% at a quasi-static strain rate. Detailed microstructural analysis reveals that grain boundary (GB) sliding, rather than intragranular dislocation slip, is the dominant deformation mechanism in the UFG Mg-0.3Mn alloy. Unlike conventional alloying strategies that lead to GB pinning, the segregation of Mn element along GBs in a manner of nano-clusters could reduce interfacial bonding strength, acting as a lubricant to facilitate GB sliding and thus dramatically boost the ductility. This innovative GB engineering approach unlocks unprecedentedly remarkable deformability of Mg-based alloys at room temperature, paving the way for next-generation lightweight structural applications.
underwater radiation monitoring detectorJi, W.*; Lee, E.*; Ji, Y.-Y.*; 越智 康太郎; 吉村 和也; 舟木 泰智; 眞田 幸尚
Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 58(2), p.103933_1 - 103933_6, 2026/02
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.00(Nuclear Science & Technology)汚染予測地点の河川や貯水池の堆積物中のCs放射能濃度を推定するために、水中放射線in-situ検出器MARK-U1(Monitoring of Ambient Radiation of KAERI - Underwater)の性能を検証することを目的とした。さらに、高純度ゲルマニウム(HPGe)半導体検出器を用いて放射能を測定するため、コアサンプルを採取した。放射能を推定するために、測定されたスペクトルと試料中のCs放射能を比較して換算係数を導き出した。モンテカルロN粒子(MCNP)シミュレーションを実施し、in-situ測定に有効な線源形状を決定した。シミュレーション結果は、31.62%の偏差で、現場のMARK-U1モニタリング結果とよく相関した。これらの結果は、in-situ検出器の性能を検証するものである。したがって、この装置は、試料採取を必要とせず、in-situモニタリングによって水底堆積物中のCs放射能濃度を推定するために使用することができる。
Ji, Y.-Y.*; Ji, W.*; Kim, K.*; Kim, M. J.*; 越智 康太郎; 森下 祐樹; 眞田 幸尚
Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 244, p.113781_1 - 113781_12, 2026/02
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.00(Chemistry, Physical)UAVによる空中線スペクトロメトリは迅速な放射線マッピングを可能にするが、飛行高度による減衰、視野効果、汚染の不均一性、地形条件により地上線量率の定量評価は難しい。本研究では福島第一原子力発電所周辺でホバリング飛行による校正と地上測定を組み合わせた実用的手法を開発した。二重指数モデルで高度補正係数を導出し、三脚およびバックパック測定と比較した結果、不均一サイトでの補正は系統誤差を生むが、均一サイトでの校正により一致が改善された。適切な補正を用いれば、UAV空中測定は信頼できる線量率分布評価が可能である。
Cho, K.*; 山下 葵平*; 角谷 心之輔*; 齊藤 拓馬*; 佐々木 泰祐*; 澤泉 克彦*; 奥川 将行*; 小泉 雄一郎*; 眞山 剛*; 菊川 泰地*; et al.
Acta Materialia, 303, p.121696_1 - 121696_18, 2026/01
被引用回数：6 パーセンタイル：83.48(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)The deformation behavior and strengthening mechanism of Inconel 718 with a hierarchical structure composed of microscale crystallographic lamellar microstructure (CLM) and nanoscale cellular structure, fabricated by laser powder bed fusion, were clarified via nanoscale microstructural and in-situ neutron diffraction analyses. The CLM is a layered structure parallel to the building direction (BD) and consists of relatively wide main and narrow sub-layers with 110 and 100 orientations, respectively, with respect to BD. This is the first study to demonstrate that the yield stress of the alloys depends strongly on deformation stresses of the sub-layers, even though Schmid factors of the primary slip system for both layers are the same. The sub-layer continues to deform elastically even beyond the micro-yield point of the main layer, which results in the macroscopic strengthening at an early stage of deformation. On the other hand, the cellular structure is formed in both layers, associated with a dendritic cell growth along 100 direction, Nb segregation between the cells and an accumulation of dislocations to decrease a residual stress. The cell boundaries with numerous dislocations and Nb segregation act as a strong barrier to dislocation motion resulting in a stress increase through the Hall-Petch law, even though they are low-angle grain boundaries. The spacing and morphology of the cell boundary depend strongly on fabrication conditions. The optimized cellular structure provides significant strengthening comparable to or greater than that caused by large-angle grain boundaries, thereby increasing the macroscopic strength of the alloys through hardening of the sub-layer.
Zhu, L.*; Dong, W.*; Naeem, M.*; Kong, H.*; Hu, C.*; Fan, Z.*; Gong, W.; Harjo, S.; Lan, S.*; Wu, Y.*; et al.
Acta Materialia, 303, p.121734_1 - 121734_10, 2026/01
被引用回数：3 パーセンタイル：35.08(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)Body-centered cubic (BCC) metals typically exhibit high yield strength but limited work hardening and uniform elongation, especially at low temperatures. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) offer opportunities to overcome these limitations, though their deformation mechanisms remain unclear. Using in situ neutron diffraction and microstructural analysis, this study identifies the origin of the exceptionally large uniform elongation at liquid nitrogen temperature in a single-phase BCC (TiZrHf)
AlNb
HEA. Initial plastic deformation is governed by a BCC-to-orthorhombic (") transformation, followed by " twinning and deformation-induced amorphization at later stages. The cooperation of these mechanisms suppresses work softening from dislocation plasticity, enabling high yield strength with large uniform elongation and providing a viable strategy for designing cryogenic structural materials.
Qin, T. Y.*; Hu, F. F.*; 徐 平光; Zhang, R.*; Su, Y. H.; Ao, N.*; Li, Z. W.*; 篠原 武尚; 菖蒲 敬久; Wu, S. C.*
International Journal of Fatigue, 202, p.109233_1 - 109233_16, 2026/01
被引用回数：3 パーセンタイル：72.67(Engineering, Mechanical)The surface induction-hardened S38C medium carbon steel shows a good balance of strength and toughness, but complicates the evaluation of fatigue resistance, mainly because of gradient residual stress (RS) and grains. An integrated fatigue resistance assessment (AIFA) framework was proposed to consider the residual stress relief under stochastic loads. To this end, quasi-in situ neutron diffraction and Bragg-edge imaging were combined to probe the evolution of residual stress during crack propagation. Firstly, a rigid-flexible coupled vehicle dynamics model was adopted to obtain the time-domain variable amplitude loading spectrum. Then, Fortran subroutines were developed to assign these data into full-scale S38C axle model, and the remaining life was predicted using the damage tolerance approach. The results demonstrate that crack propagation would accelerate when residual stress is considered in the case of the crack depth exceeding 3.0 mm. It is, for the first time, found that 15 mm- and 5 mm-thickness fan-shaped specimens can retain the axial and hoop residual strain in terms of diffraction angle variation, respectively, for full-scale structural S38C steel axles. In the absence of RS, the remaining life of the axle decreases sharply from 624,800 to 51,300 km as the crack depth increases from 3.0 to 16 mm. Compared with the standard method under constant amplitude loading without residual stress relief, the present AIFA method provides the more accurate but conservative fatigue life prediction.
Su, Y. H.; 篠原 武尚; Parker, J. D.*; 及川 健一; 甲斐 哲也; Gong, W.; 伊東 達矢; Harjo, S.; 相澤 一也; 鬼柳 善明*; et al.
Materials Science & Engineering A, 951, p.149607_1 - 149607_16, 2026/01
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.00(Nanoscience & Nanotechnology)Local variations in residual stress/strain and microstructure during fatigue crack growth in compact tension specimens of SUS304 austenitic stainless steel were investigated using complementary methods: pulsed neutron Bragg-edge imaging (NBEI), neutron diffraction (ND), digital image correlation (DIC) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Surface strain fields were evaluated using DIC and EBSD. NBEI provided two-dimensional averaged microstructure information, whereas ND yielded detailed three-dimensional distributions of residual lattice (elastic) strain and stress. This study particularly focused on how NBEI is helpful in understanding overall damage characteristics in the vicinity of a crack tip two-dimensionally. Distribution of microstructural parameters associated with crack growth, such as lattice constant, crystallite size, and texture, across the entire specimen was considered using Bragg-edge spectral analysis. The plastic zone in front of the crack tip, characterized by reduced crystallite size, was observed during crack propagation. After final fracture, two distinct zones with reduced crystallite size were identified: one caused by localized plastic deformation near the crack tip, and the other by bending at the back end of the specimen. This paper introduces the four experimental techniques and describes their respective features. Each method has its own advantages and limitations; However, by integrating their results, a more comprehensive understanding of the overall stress/strain field can be achieved.
