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論文

Origin of dissolved organic matter in deep groundwater of marine deposits and its implication for metal binding

斉藤 拓巳*; 西 柊作*; 天野 由記; 別部 光里*; 宮川 和也

ACS ES&T Water (Internet), 3(12), p.4103 - 4112, 2023/12

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays important roles for the fate of contaminants and nutrients in the nature. Nevertheless, our understanding on DOM in deep groundwater is limited. This study tackled this issue by intensive groundwater sampling at various depths of an underground research laboratory. The origin and the binding properties of different fluorescent DOM components against Eu(III) were studied by fluorescence emission-excitation-matrices (EEMs) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Four components with distinctive fluorescent properties were obtained by PARAFAC: one marine humic-like component, two terrestrial humic-like components, and one protein-like component. It was revealed that Eu(III) strongly bound to the terrestrial humic-like components but less so to the marine humic-like component. The partial least squares (PLS) regression further revealed the origin and distributions of the components. It was suggested that microbial decomposition of the DOM components, the input of marine humic-like component from sedimentary rocks and mixing of fossil meteoric and sea waters determined their spatial distributions and affinities to Eu(III). These results indicated the dynamic nature of DOM in deep groundwater of marine deposits and provided an important insight to discuss their impacts on the migration of contaminants and nutrient in deep underground environments.

論文

A Predicted CRISPR-mediated symbiosis between uncultivated archaea

Esser, S. P.*; Rahlff, J.*; Zhao, W.*; Predl, M.*; Plewka, J.*; Sures, K.*; Wimmer, F.*; Lee, J.*; Adam, P. S.*; McGonigle, J.*; et al.

Nature Microbiology (Internet), 8(9), p.1619 - 1633, 2023/09

 被引用回数:1 パーセンタイル:83.33

CRISPR-Cas systems defend prokaryotic cells from viruses, plasmids, and other mobile genetic elements. Capitalizing on multi-omics approaches, we show here that the CRISPR-Cas systems of uncultivated archaea also play an integral role in mitigating potentially detrimental interactions with episymbionts. A comprehensive analysis of CRISPR-Cas-based infection histories revealed that uncultivated deep-subsurface archaeal primary-producers defend themselves from archaeal episymbionts of the DPANN superphylum of archaea, some of which are known to fuse their membranes with their host. We show that host cells counter these attacks by deploying one of two CRISPR-Cas systems (type I-B and type III-A) to target and disrupt essential genes in the episymbiont. However, genome-scale modeling of metabolic interactions between two deep subsurface host-symbiont systems revealed that host cells also benefit from the symbionts via metabolic complementation. We speculate that populations of these uncultivated archaeal episymbionts are currently transitioning from a parasitic lifestyle to one of mutualism, as must have occurred in countless mutualistic systems known today. By expanding our analysis to thousands of archaeal genomes, we conclude that CRISPR-Cas mediated resistance to archaeal episymbiosis evolved independently in various archaeal lineages and may be a wide-spread evolutionary phenomenon.

論文

Anaerobic methane-oxidizing activity in a deep underground borehole dominantly colonized by $$Ca.$$ Methanoperedenaceae

西村 大樹*; 幸塚 麻里子*; 福田 朱里*; 石村 豊穂*; 天野 由記; 別部 光里*; 宮川 和也; 鈴木 庸平*

Environmental Microbiology Reports (Internet), 15(3), p.197 - 205, 2023/06

 被引用回数:0 パーセンタイル:0(Environmental Sciences)

地下深部の地下水は、微生物活動などにより酸素が消費され、一般に還元性になっている。幌延の深部地下水では、微生物活動による二酸化炭素還元反応により強還元雰囲気が維持されている。一方で、幌延深地層研究センター地下研究施設の一部のボーリング孔では、嫌気的環境にも関わらずメタン酸化機能を持つ微生物の存在が明らかにされている。局所的ではあるものの、地下深部の強還元雰囲気において進行する酸化反応機構の解明を目的として、本研究では、原位置の水質・水圧を模擬し、この嫌気的メタン酸化微生物の培養を行った。その結果、地下水中の懸濁物に含まれる非晶質鉄あるいは2八面体型スメクタイトに含まれる3価鉄が酸化剤として機能していることが分かった。このような酸化剤が地下深部に存在する要因の一つとして、ボーリングの掘削泥水などの掘削に伴う人為的影響が挙げられる。高レベル放射性廃棄物の地層処分において閉鎖後の処分場坑道周辺の酸化性環境は、周辺母岩中の鉱物との反応等により本来の還元性に戻ると考えられている。本研究で得られた知見は、この処分場閉鎖後の回復過程についてより正確な理解に繋がる成果である。

論文

Iron-induced association between selenium and humic substances in groundwater from deep sedimentary formations

寺島 元基; 遠藤 貴志*; 紀室 辰伍; 別部 光里*; 根本 一昭*; 天野 由記

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 60(4), p.374 - 384, 2023/04

 被引用回数:1 パーセンタイル:56.43(Nuclear Science & Technology)

For better understanding of impact of natural organic matters (NOM) on facilitating migration of $$^{79}$$Se in underground environments, association mechanism between Se and humic substance (HS) in groundwater was investigated by incubation experiments using groundwater sample under abiotic and biotic conditions and speciation analyses by an isolation technique with DAX-8 resin and a size exclusion chromatography coupled on-line to UV-Vis and ICP-MS detection (SEC-UV-ICP-MS). Selenite added into the groundwater was reduced to elemental Se only when microbial activity was stimulated by a nutrient. The speciation analysis by the isolation technique showed the presence of Se associated with HS and that proportion of the associate to total dissolved Se is highest in the reducing condition. The SEC-UV-ICP-MS analyses of alkaline extracts from the DAX-8 resin showed that Se was coeluted with Fe as well as HS, regardless of microbial activity and redox conditions. Logarithmic peak areas of Se and Fe coeluted with HS in the SEC chromatograms was linearly correlated in the moderately oxidizing condition (r = 0.947, p $$leq$$ 0.01 with addition of Se; r = 0.995, p $$<$$ 0.01 without the addition of Se). The SEC chromatogram of Se coeluted with HS in the reducing condition was well matched with those of Se-Fe-HS ternary complex in the moderately oxidizing condition. Therefore, these suggest that the association between Se and HS in groundwaters can be dominated by a formation of Se-Fe-HS ternary complex.

論文

A Widespread group of large plasmids in methanotrophic ${it Methanoperedens}$ archaea

Schoelmerich, M. C.*; Oubouter, H. T.*; Sachdeva, R.*; Penev, P. I.*; 天野 由記; West-Roberts, J.*; Welte, C. U.*; Banfield, J. F.*

Nature Communications (Internet), 13, p.7085_1 - 7085_11, 2022/11

 被引用回数:3 パーセンタイル:80.68(Multidisciplinary Sciences)

Anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) make energy from the breakdown of methane, an important driver of global warming, yet the extrachromosomal genetic elements that impact the activities of ANME are little understood. Here we describe large plasmids associated with ANME of the Methanoperedens Genus. These have been maintained in two enrichment bioreactors that are highly dominated by different ${it Methanoperedens}$ species and associate with ${it Methanoperedens}$ species in other anaerobic environments. By manual curation we show that two of the plasmids are large (155,607 bp and 191,912 bp), circular, and replicate bidirectionally. The group of ${it Methanoperedens}$ species that carry these plasmids is related to ${it M. nitroreducens}$,${it M. ferrireducens}$ and ${it M. manganicus}$ and the plasmids occur in the same copy number as the main chromosome. The larger plasmid encodes transporters that potentially enhance ${it Methanoperedens}$ access to Ni, which is required for the MCR complex, Co required for the cobalamin cofactor needed for methyltransferases tied to central processes and amino acid uptake. We show that many plasmid genes are actively transcribed, including genes involved in plasmid chromosome maintenance and segregation, a Co$$^{2+}$$/Ni$$^{2+}$$ transporter and cell protective proteins. Notably, plasmid-borne genes for a ribosomal protein uL16 and adjacent elongation factor eEF2 are highly expressed. These are not encoded in the host ${it Methanoperedens}$ genome, indicating an obligate interdependence between this plasmid and its host. The finding of plasmids of ${it Methanoperedens}$ opens the way for the development of genetic vectors that could be used to probe little understood aspects of ${it Methanoperedens}$ physiology. Ultimately, this may provide a route to introduce or alter genes that may enhance growth and overall metabolism to accelerate methane oxidation rates.

論文

Evolution of the reaction and alteration of granite with Ordinary Portland cement leachates; Sequential flow experiments and reactive transport modelling

Bateman, K.*; 村山 翔太*; 花町 優次*; Wilson, J.*; 瀬田 孝将*; 天野 由記; 久保田 満*; 大内 祐司*; 舘 幸男

Minerals (Internet), 12(7), p.883_1 - 883_20, 2022/07

 被引用回数:0 パーセンタイル:0.02(Geochemistry & Geophysics)

The construction of a repository for geological disposal of radioactive waste will include the use of cement-based materials. Following closure, groundwater will saturate the repository and the extensive use of cement will result in the development of a highly alkaline porewater, pH $$>$$ 12.5; this fluid will migrate into and react with the host rock. The chemistry of the fluid will evolve over time, initially high [Na] and [K], evolving to a Ca-rich fluid, and finally returning to the groundwater composition. This evolving chemistry will affect the long-term performance of the repository, altering the physical and chemical properties, including radionuclide behaviour. Understanding these changes forms the basis for predicting the long-term evolution of the repository. This study focused on the determination of the nature and extent of the chemical reaction, as well as the formation and persistence of secondary mineral phases within a granite, comparing data from sequential flow experiments with the results of reactive transport modelling. The reaction of the granite with the cement leachates resulted in small changes in pH and the precipitation of calcium aluminum silicate hydrate (C-(A-)S-H) phases of varying compositions, of greatest abundance with the Ca-rich fluid. As the system evolved, secondary C-(A-)S-H phases re-dissolved, partly replaced by zeolites. This general sequence was successfully simulated using reactive transport modelling.

論文

Evolution of the reaction and alteration of mudstone with ordinary Portland cement leachates; Sequential flow experiments and reactive-transport modelling

Bateman, K.; 村山 翔太*; 花町 優次*; Wilson, J.*; 瀬田 孝将*; 天野 由記; 久保田 満*; 大内 祐司*; 舘 幸男

Minerals (Internet), 11(9), p.1026_1 - 1026_23, 2021/09

 被引用回数:2 パーセンタイル:24.14(Geochemistry & Geophysics)

The construction of a repository for geological disposal of radioactive waste will include the use of cement-based materials. Following closure, groundwater will saturate the repository and the extensive use of cement will result in the development of a highly alkaline porewater, pH $$>$$ 12.5. This fluid will migrate into and react with the host rock. The chemistry of the fluid will evolve over time, initially high [Na] and [K], evolving to a Ca-rich fluid and finally returning to the groundwater composition. This evolving chemistry will affect the long-term performance of the repository altering the physical and chemical properties, including radionuclide behaviour. Understanding these changes forms the basis for predicting the long-term evolution of the repository. This study focused on the determination of the nature and extent of the chemical reaction; the formation and persistence of secondary mineral phases within an argillaceous mudstone, comparing both data from sequential flow experiments with the results of reactive transport modeling. The reaction of the mudstone with the cement leachates resulted in small changes in pH but the precipitation of calcium aluminium silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H) phases of varying compositions. With the change to the groundwater secondary C-(A-)S-H phases re-dissolved being replaced by secondary carbonates. This general sequence was successfully simulated by the reactive transport model simulations.

論文

Patterns of gene content and co-occurrence constrain the evolutionary path toward animal association in Candidate Phyla Radiation bacteria

Jaffe, A. L.*; Thomas, A. D.*; He, C.*; Keren, R.*; Valentin-Alvarado, L. E.*; Munk, P.*; Bouma-Gregson, K.*; Farag, I. F.*; 天野 由記; Sachdeva, R.*; et al.

mBio, 12(4), p.e00521-21_1 - e00521-21_21, 2021/08

 被引用回数:16 パーセンタイル:90.71(Microbiology)

Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria are small, likely episymbiotic organisms found across Earth's ecosystems. Despite their prevalence, the distribution of CPR lineages across habitats and the genomic signatures of transitions amongst these habitats remain unclear. Hear, we expand the genome inventory for Absconditabacteria (SR1), Gracilibacteria, and Saccharibacteria (TM7), CPR bacteria known to occur in both animal-associated and environmental microbiomes, and investigate variation in gene content with habitat of origin. By overlaying phylogeny with habitat information, we show that bacteria from these three lineages have undergone multiple transitions from environmental habitats into animal microbiomes. Based on co-occurrence analyses of hundreds of metagenomes, we extend the prior suggestion that certain TM7 have broad bacterial host ranges and constrain possible host relationships for SR1 and Gracilibacteria. Full-proteome analyses show that animal-associated TM7 have smaller gene repertoires than their environmental counterparts and are enriched in numerous protein families, including those likely functioning in amino acid metabolism, phage defense, and detoxification of peroxide. In contrast, some freshwater TM7 encodea putative rhodopsin. For protein families exhibiting the clearest patterns of differential habitat distribution, we compared protein and species phylogenies to estimate the incidence of lateral gene transfer and genomic loss occurring over the species tree. These analyses suggest that habitat transitions were likely not accompanied by large transfer or loss events, but rather were associated with continuous proteome remodeling. Thus, we speculate that CPR habitat transitions were driven largely by availability of suitable host taxa, and were reinforced by acquisition and loss of some capacities.

論文

Reaction and alteration of mudstone with Ordinary Portland Cement and Low Alkali Cement pore fluids

Bateman, K.; 天野 由記; 久保田 満*; 大内 祐司*; 舘 幸男

Minerals (Internet), 11(6), p.588_1 - 588_19, 2021/06

 被引用回数:4 パーセンタイル:46.69(Geochemistry & Geophysics)

The alkaline fluid arising from the cement-based materials will react with host rock to form a chemically disturbed zone around the geological disposal repository. To understand how these conditions may evolve, a series of batch and flow experiments were conducted with Horonobe mudstone and fluids representative of the alkaline leachates expected from both Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Low Alkali Cement (LAC) leachates. The impact of the LAC was more limited, compared to the OPC leachates. Ion exchange reactions had an impact initially but thereafter the reaction was dominated by primary mineral dissolution, and in the case of OPC leachates precipitation of secondary C-S-H phases. The flow experiments revealed that precipitation of the secondary phases was restricted to close to the initial contact zone of the fluids and mudstone. The experimental results demonstrate that a combination of both batch and flow-through experiments can provide the insights required for the understanding of the key geochemical interactions and the impact of transport, allowing the spatial as well as temporal evolution of the alkaline leachate / mudstone system to be determined.

論文

${it Desulfovibrio subterraneus}$ sp. nov., a mesophilic sulfate-reducing deltaproteobacterium isolated from a deep siliceous mudstone formation

上野 晃生*; 玉澤 聡*; 玉村 修司*; 村上 拓馬*; 木山 保*; 猪股 英紀*; 天野 由記; 宮川 和也; 玉木 秀幸*; 長沼 毅*; et al.

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 71(2), p.004683_1 - 004683_10, 2021/02

 被引用回数:6 パーセンタイル:63.69(Microbiology)

幌延深地層研究計画における地上からのボーリング調査孔であるHDB-6の深度288.7-303.0m区間から採水された地下水中から、新種の嫌気的硫酸還元菌を単離した。これをHN2$$^{rm T}$$株と呼ぶ。採水深度の地質は新第三紀堆積岩の稚内層であり、上位の珪藻質泥岩である声問層から珪質泥岩である稚内層への遷移帯に当たる。単離されたHN2$$^{rm T}$$株は、温度5-43$$^{circ}$$C及びpH6.5-7.5の環境において成長が確認された。HN2$$^{rm T}$$株は、硫酸塩や亜硫酸塩, Fe$$^{3+}$$, マンガン酸化物等を電子受容体とし、硫黄元素や硝酸塩,亜硝酸塩は電子受容体として使用しない。HN2$$^{rm T}$$株は、NaClを必要としないが、最大でNaCl濃度4%(w/v)の高塩濃度環境において生息できた。表現型・分子的遺伝情報から、HN2$$^{rm T}$$株を新種と判断し、${it Desulfovibrio subterraneus}$ sp. nov.と命名する。

論文

Groundwater $$Elusimicrobia$$ are metabolically diverse compared to gut microbiome $$Elusimicrobia$$ and some have a novel nitrogenase paralog

M$'e$heust, R.*; Castelle, C. J.*; Matheus Carnevali, P. B.*; Farag, I. F.*; He, C.*; Chen, L.-X.*; 天野 由記; Hug, L. A.*; Banfield, J. F.*

ISME Journal, 14(12), p.2907 - 2922, 2020/12

 被引用回数:34 パーセンタイル:94.46(Ecology)

We reconstructed 94 draft-quality, non-redundant genomes from diverse animal-associated and natural environments. Genomes group into 12 clades, 10 of which previously lacked reference genomes. Groundwater-associated $$Elusimicrobia$$ are predicted to be capable of heterotrophic or autotrophic lifestyles, reliant on oxygen or nitrate/nitrite-dependent respiration of fatty acids, or a variety of organic compounds and Rnf-dependent acetogenesis with hydrogen and carbon dioxide as the substrates. Genomes from two clades of groundwater-associated $$Elusimicrobia$$ often encode a new homologous group of nitrogenase-like proteins that co-occur with an extensive suite of radical SAM-based proteins. We identified similar genomic loci in genomes of bacteria from the Gracilibacteria and Myxococcus phyla and predict that the gene clusters reduce a tetrapyrrole, possibly to form a novel cofactor. The animal-associated $$Elusimicrobia$$ clades nest phylogenetically within two groundwater-associated clades. Thus, we propose an evolutionary trajectory in which some $$Elusimicrobia$$ adapted to animal-associated lifestyles from groundwater-associated species via genome reduction.

報告書

超深地層研究所計画における地下水の地球化学に関する調査研究; 瑞浪層群・土岐花崗岩の地下水の地球化学特性データ集(2019年度)

福田 健二; 渡辺 勇輔; 村上 裕晃; 天野 由記; 青才 大介*; 原 直広*

JAEA-Data/Code 2020-012, 80 Pages, 2020/10

JAEA-Data-Code-2020-012.pdf:3.55MB

日本原子力研究開発機構は岐阜県瑞浪市で進めている超深地層研究所計画において、研究坑道の掘削・維持管理が周辺の地下水の地球化学特性に与える影響の把握を目的とした調査研究を行っている。本データ集は、超深地層研究所計画において、2019年度に実施した地下水の採水調査によって得られた地球化学データおよび微生物データを取りまとめたものである。データの追跡性を確保するため、試料採取場所, 試料採取時間, 採取方法および分析方法などを示し、あわせてデータの品質管理方法について示した。

報告書

超深地層研究所計画における地下水の地球化学に関する調査研究; 瑞浪層群・土岐花崗岩の地下水の地球化学特性データ集(2018年度)

福田 健二; 渡辺 勇輔; 村上 裕晃; 天野 由記; 青才 大介*; 熊本 義治*; 岩月 輝希

JAEA-Data/Code 2019-019, 74 Pages, 2020/03

JAEA-Data-Code-2019-019.pdf:3.53MB

日本原子力研究開発機構は岐阜県瑞浪市で進めている超深地層研究所計画において、研究坑道の掘削・維持管理が周辺の地下水の地球化学特性に与える影響の把握を目的とした調査研究を行っている。本データ集は、超深地層研究所計画において、2018年度に実施した地下水の採水調査によって得られた地球化学データおよび微生物データを取りまとめたものである。データの追跡性を確保するため、試料採取場所, 試料採取時間, 採取方法および分析方法などを示し、あわせてデータの品質管理方法について示した。

論文

Clades of huge phages from across Earth's ecosystems

Al-Shayeb, B.*; Sachdeva, R.*; Chen, L.-X.*; Ward, F.*; Munk, P.*; Devoto, A.*; Castelle, C. J.*; Olm, M. R.*; Bouma-Gregson, K.*; 天野 由記; et al.

Nature, 578(7795), p.425 - 431, 2020/02

 被引用回数:187 パーセンタイル:99.48(Multidisciplinary Sciences)

Phage typically have small genomes and depend on their bacterial hosts for replication. We generated metagenomic datasets from many diverse ecosystems and reconstructed hundreds of huge phage genomes, between 200 kbp and 716 kbp in length. Thirty four genomes were manually curated to completion, including the largest phage genomes yet reported. Expanded genetic repertoires include diverse and new CRISPR-Cas systems, tRNAs, tRNA synthetases, tRNA modification enzymes, initiation and elongation factors and ribosomal proteins. Phage CRISPR have the capacity to silence host transcription factors and translational genes, potentially as part of a larger interaction network that intercepts translation to redirect biosynthesis to phage-encoded functions. Some phage repurpose bacterial systems for phage-defense to eliminate competing phage. We phylogenetically define seven major clades of huge phage from human and other animal microbiomes, oceans, lakes, sediments, soils and the built environment. We conclude that large gene inventories reflect a conserved biological strategy, observed across a broad bacterial host range and resulting in the distribution of huge phage across Earth's ecosystems.

論文

Genetic survey of indigenous microbial eukaryotic communities, mainly fungi, in sedimentary rock matrices of deep terrestrial subsurface

齋藤 禎一*; 平野 伸一*; 長岡 亨*; 天野 由記

Ecological Genetics and Genomics, 12, p.100042_1 - 100042_9, 2019/10

培養に依存しない分子生物学的手法によって、さまざまな環境中の微生物群集組成について分析が可能となった。これらの手法により、嫌気的で太陽光の存在しない、高温・高圧の極限環境からも多くの未培養原核生物が検出されている。近年、深海環境においても真核生物が検出されており、その結果真核生物が従来考えられてきたよりも広範囲にわたって生息可能であることが示された。本研究では、幌延深地層研究センターの地下施設深度250mの環境において、分子生物学的手法を用いた真核生物に関する研究を行った。その結果、幌延の深部堆積岩環境において、菌類が真核生物群集の優占種であることが示された。また、岩石試料中からZygomycete, Basidiomycete, Ascomyceteのような様々な種の菌類が検出された。本研究は、深部堆積岩地下環境における真核生物の多様性に関する研究として世界初の成果である。

報告書

超深地層研究所計画における地下水の地球化学に関する調査研究; 瑞浪層群・土岐花崗岩の地下水の地球化学特性データ集(2017年度)

福田 健二; 渡辺 勇輔; 村上 裕晃; 天野 由記; 林田 一貴*; 青才 大介*; 熊本 義治*; 岩月 輝希

JAEA-Data/Code 2018-021, 76 Pages, 2019/03

JAEA-Data-Code-2018-021.pdf:3.78MB

日本原子力研究開発機構は岐阜県瑞浪市で進めている超深地層研究所計画において、研究坑道の掘削・維持管理が周辺の地下水の地球化学特性に与える影響の把握を目的とした調査研究を行っている。本データ集は、超深地層研究所計画において、2017年度に実施した地下水の採水調査によって得られた地球化学データ及び微生物データを取りまとめたものである。データの追跡性を確保するため、試料採取場所、試料採取時間、採取方法および分析方法などを示し、あわせてデータの品質管理方法について示した。

論文

Hydrogen-based metabolism as an ancestral trait in lineages sibling to the Cyanobacteria

Matheus Carnevali, P. B.*; Schulz, F.*; Castelle, C. J.*; Kantor, R. S.*; Shih, P.*; Sharon, I.*; Santini, J.*; Olm, M. R.*; 天野 由記; Thomas, B. C.*; et al.

Nature Communications (Internet), 10, p.463_1 - 463_15, 2019/01

 被引用回数:27 パーセンタイル:84.25(Multidisciplinary Sciences)

The metabolic platform in which microbial aerobic respiration evolved is tightly linked to the origins of Cyanobacteria (Oxyphotobacteria). Melainabacteria and Sericytochromatia, close phylogenetic neighbores to Oxyphotobacteria comprise both fermentative and aerobic representatives, or clades that are capablee of both. Here, we predict the metabolisms of Margulisbacteria from two distinct environments and Saganbacteria, and compare them to genomes of organisms from the related lineages. Melainabacteria BJ4A obtained from Mizunami site are potentially able to use O$$_{2}$$ and other terminal electron acceptors. The type C heme-copper oxygen reductase found in Melainabacteria BJ4A may be adapted to low O$$_{2}$$ levels, as expected for microaerophilic or anoxic environments such as the subsurface. Notably, Melainabacteria BJ4A seems to have a branched electron transport chain, with one branch leading to a cytochrome d ubiquinol oxidoreductase and the other one leading to the type C heme-copper oxygen reductase. Both these enzymes have high affinity for O$$_{2}$$, thus are adapted to low O$$_{2}$$ levels. These contemporary lineages have representatives with fermentative H$$_{2}$$-based metabolism, lineages capable of aerobic or anaerobic respiration, and lineages with both. Our findings support the idea that the ancestor of these lineages was an anaerobe in which fermentation and H$$_{2}$$ metabolism were central metabolic features.

論文

Characterization and thermodynamic study of humic acid in deep groundwater at Horonobe, Hokkaido, Japan

紀室 辰伍*; 桐島 陽*; 長尾 誠也*; 斎藤 拓巳*; 天野 由記; 宮川 和也; 秋山 大輔*; 佐藤 修彰*

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 55(5), p.503 - 515, 2018/05

 被引用回数:6 パーセンタイル:58.44(Nuclear Science & Technology)

高レベル放射性廃棄物から溶出した放射性核種が地下水中の天然有機物の一種である腐植物質と錯生成することで、放射性核種の移行が促進される可能性が指摘されており、腐植物質と金属イオンの錯生成を定量的に記述する試みがなされてきた。腐植物質は、組成不均質性を持つ高分子電解質であり、その性質は起源や履歴によって大きく異なる。本研究では、北海道幌延町の深度350m地下水中に溶存している腐植物質を抽出し、幌延腐植物質のプロトン化反応における反応機構を調べ、また、腐植物質の分子量および流体力学径を取得し、単純有機物やIHSSの標準腐植物質のそれらの結果と比較した。その結果、幌延の腐植物質は、表層の腐植物質に見られるような複雑な組成不均質性を持たない、より単純な構造を持ち、その反応メカニズムもより単純であることが分かった。本成果は、腐植物質の特性がその起源により大きく異なることを明らかにしたものであり、核種移行を考えるうえで、この点を考慮すべきであることを示唆している。

論文

坑道閉鎖試験に基づく坑道掘削・閉鎖時の化学環境変化プロセスの考察

林田 一貴; 加藤 利弘*; 久保田 満*; 村上 裕晃; 天野 由記; 岩月 輝希

地球化学, 52(1), p.55 - 71, 2018/03

坑道の建設・操業により乱された地質環境の坑道閉鎖後の定常化過程の確認を目的として、岐阜県瑞浪市の瑞浪超深地層研究所において深度500mの花崗岩中に模擬実験坑道を建設・閉鎖し、地下水の溶存成分や酸化還元電位、pHの経時変化の観測を行った。その結果、坑道建設時には坑道周囲の割れ目を介した地下水流動状態の変化に伴い坑道周囲の地下水水質が変化した。また坑道から坑道周囲の岩盤中への酸素の侵入により、酸化還元電位が上昇することが確認された。坑道閉鎖後は、微生物の還元作用により坑道内の地下水の酸化還元電位が低下するとともに、坑道周囲では岩盤中から還元的な地下水がもたらされることによって酸化還元電位が回復した。一方で、吹付コンクリートなどセメント材料の影響で坑道内の地下水がアルカリ化することが確認された。このアルカリ化に消費されたセメント材料はわずかであることから、その影響はセメント使用量に応じて長期的に続くと考えられた。

論文

Ecological and genomic profiling of anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea in a deep granitic environment

伊能 康平*; Hernsdorf, A. W.*; 今野 祐多*; 幸塚 麻里子*; 柳川 克則*; 加藤 信吾*; 砂村 道成*; 広田 秋成*; 東郷 洋子*; 伊藤 一誠*; et al.

ISME Journal, 12(1), p.31 - 47, 2018/01

 被引用回数:45 パーセンタイル:91.3(Ecology)

岐阜県瑞浪市の超深地層研究所において、深度300メートルの地下水を地下坑道から採取し、地下微生物の生態系を調査した。その結果、花崗岩深部でマグマ由来のメタンに依存した微生物生態系が存在することを明らかにした。

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