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Journal Articles

Fetal and maternal atomic bomb survivor dosimetry using the J45 pregnant female phantom series; Considerations of the kneeling and lying posture with comparisons to the DS02 system

Domal, S. J.*; Correa-Alfonso, C. M.*; Paulbeck, C. J.*; Griffin, K. T.*; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Funamoto, Sachiyo*; Cullings, H. M.*; Egbert, S. D.*; Endo, Akira; Hertel, N. E.*; et al.

Health Physics, 125(4), p.245 - 259, 2023/10

The RERF Working Group on Organ Dose (WGOD) has established the J45 (Japan 1945) series of high-resolution voxel phantoms, which were derived from the UF/NCI series of hybrid phantoms and scaled to match mid-1940s Japanese body morphometries. In this present study, we present the J45 pregnant female phantoms in both a kneeling and lying posture, and assess the dosimetric impact of these more anatomically realistic survivor models in comparisons to current organ doses given by the DS02 system. For the kneeling phantoms facing the bomb hypocenter, organ doses from bomb source photon spectra were shown to be overestimated by the DS02 system by up to a factor of 1.45 for certain fetal organs and up to a factor of 1.17 for maternal organs. For lying phantoms with their feet in the direction of the hypocenter, fetal organ doses from bomb source photon spectra were underestimated by the DS02 system by factors as low as 0.77 while maternal organ doses were overestimated by up to a factor of 1.38. Results from this study highlight the degree to which the existing DS02 system can differ from organ dosimetry based upon 3D radiation transport simulations using more anatomically realistic models of those survivors exposed during pregnancy while in a kneeling or lying position.

Journal Articles

Fetal atomic bomb survivor dosimetry using the J45 series of pregnant female phantoms with realistic survivor exposure scenarios; Comparisons to dose estimates in the DS02 system

Paulbeck, C. J.*; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Funamoto, Sachiyo*; Lee, C.*; Griffin, K. T.*; Cullings, H. M.*; Egbert, S. D.*; Endo, Akira; Hertel, N. E.*; Bolch, W. E.*

Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 62(3), p.317 - 329, 2023/08

 Times Cited Count:0 Percentile:0.01(Biology)

In our prior study [Radiat Res 192, 538-561 (2019)], we presented a new J45 (Japanese 1945) series of high-resolution phantoms of the adult pregnant female at 8-week, 15-week, 25-week, and 38-week post-conception. In this present study, we extend this work using realistic angular fluences from the DS02 system for up to nine different radiation categories and five shielding conditions. General findings are that the current DS02 fetal dose surrogate overestimates values of fetal organ dose seen in the J45 phantoms towards the cranial end of the fetus, especially in the later stages of pregnancy. This work supports our previous findings that the J45 pregnant female phantom series offers significate opportunities for gestational age-dependent assessment of fetal organ dose without the need to invoke the uterine wall as a fetal organ surrogate.

Journal Articles

Dosimetric impact of a new computational voxel phantom series for the Japanese atomic bomb survivors; Methodological improvements and organ dose response functions

Sato, Tatsuhiko; Funamoto, Sachiyo*; Paulbeck, C.*; Griffin, K.*; Lee, C.*; Cullings, H.*; Egbert, S. D.*; Endo, Akira; Hertel, N.*; Bolch, W. E.*

Radiation Research, 194(4), p.390 - 402, 2020/10

 Times Cited Count:5 Percentile:47.72(Biology)

Owing to recent advances in computational dosimetry tools, it is desirable to update the dosimetry system for the atomic-bomb survivors as it was established by DS02. In the current study, we have investigated the possible impact of introducing not only the J45 phantom series but also various methodological upgrades to the DS02 dosimetry system. It was found that the anatomical improvement in the J45 phantom series is the most important factor leading to potential changes in survivor organ doses. In addition, this study established a series of response functions which allows for the rapid conversion of the unidirectional quasi-monoenergetic photon and neutron fluences to organ doses within the J45 adult phantoms. This system of response functions can be implemented within a revision to the DS02 dosimetry system and used for future updates to organ doses within the Life Span Study of the atomic-bomb survivors.

Journal Articles

Dosimetric impact of a new computational voxel phantom series for the Japanese atomic bomb survivors; Pregnant females

Paulbeck, C.*; Griffin, K.*; Lee, C.*; Cullings, H.*; Egbert, S. D.*; Funamoto, Sachiyo*; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Endo, Akira; Hertel, N.*; Bolch, W. E.*

Radiation Research, 192(5), p.538 - 561, 2019/08

 Times Cited Count:11 Percentile:65.68(Biology)

An important cohort of the atomic bomb survivors are pregnant females exposed to the photon and neutrons fields at both Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as their children who were exposed ${it in-utero}$. In the present study, we present a new J45 (Japanese 1945) series of high-resolution phantoms of the adult pregnant female at 8-week, 15-week, 25-week, and 38-week post-conception. As for the maternal organ doses, the use of organ doses in a non-pregnant female were shown, in general, to overestimate the corresponding organ doses in the pregnant female, with greater deviations seen at later stages of pregnancy. These results demonstrate that the J45 pregnant female phantom series offers the opportunity for significant improvements in both fetal and maternal organ dose assessment within this unique cohort of the atomic bomb survivors.

Journal Articles

The ICRU proposal for new operational quantities for external radiation

Otto, T.*; Hertel, N. E.*; Bartlett, D. T.*; Behrens, R.*; Bordy, J.-M.*; Dietze, G.*; Endo, Akira; Gualdrini, G.*; Pelliccioni, M.*

Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 180(1-4), p.10 - 16, 2018/08

 Times Cited Count:18 Percentile:89.49(Environmental Sciences)

Report Committee 26 of the ICRU proposes a set of operational quantities for radiation protection for external radiation, directly based on effective dose and for an extended range of particles and energies. It is accompanied by new quantities for estimating deterministic effects to the eye lens and the local skin. The operational quantities are designed to overcome the conceptual and technical shortcomings of those presently in use. This paper describes the proposed operational quantities, and highlights the improvements with respect to the present legal monitoring quantities.

Journal Articles

Overview of the ICRP/ICRU adult reference computational phantoms and dose conversion coefficients for external idealised exposures

Endo, Akira; Petoussi-Henss, N.*; Zankl, M.*; Bolch, W. E.*; Eckerman, K. F.*; Hertel, N. E.*; Hunt, J. G.*; Pelliccioni, M.*; Schlattl, H.*; Menzel, H.-G.*

Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 161(1-4), p.11 - 16, 2014/10

 Times Cited Count:2 Percentile:16.53(Environmental Sciences)

In 2007, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) revised its fundamental recommendations on radiation protection in ICRP Publication 103 (ICRP103). The recommendations updated the radiation and tissue weighting factors in the radiological protection quantities, equivalent and effective doses, and adopted reference computational phantoms for the calculation of organ doses. These revisions required calculations of conversion coefficients for the protection quantities. The sets of conversion coefficients for external exposures were compiled by the Task Group DOCAL of ICRP, and published in ICRP116. The presentation reviews the conversion coefficients for external radiations calculated using the reference computational phantoms. The conversion coefficients are compared with the existing values given in ICRP74. Contributing factors for any differences between these sets of conversion coefficients as well as the impact for radiation monitoring practice are discussed.

Journal Articles

ICRP Publication 116; The First ICRP/ICRU application of the male and female adult reference computational phantoms

Petoussi-Henss, N.*; Bolch, W. E.*; Eckerman, K. F.*; Endo, Akira; Hertel, N.*; Hunt, J.*; Menzel, H. G.*; Pelliccioni, M.*; Schlattl, H.*; Zankl, M.*

Physics in Medicine & Biology, 59(18), p.5209 - 5224, 2014/09

 Times Cited Count:9 Percentile:40.21(Engineering, Biomedical)

ICRP Publication 116 (ICRP116) on "Conversion Coefficients for Radiological Protection Quantities for External Radiation Exposures", provides fluence-to-dose conversion coefficients for organ absorbed doses and effective dose for external exposures. ICRP116 supersedes the ICRP74, expanding also the particle types and energy ranges considered. The coefficients were calculated using the ICRP/ICRU computational phantoms representing the Reference Adult Male and Reference Adult Female, together with Monte Carlo codes simulating the radiation transport in the body. Idealised whole-body irradiation from unidirectional and rotational parallel beams as well as isotropic irradiation was considered. Comparison of the effective doses with operational quantities revealed that the latter quantities continue to provide a good approximation of effective dose for photons, neutrons and electrons for the conventional energy ranges considered previously, but not at the higher energies of ICRP116.

Oral presentation

ICRU Committee proposal on operational quantities for external radiation exposure

Hertel, N. E.*; Bartlett, D. T.*; Dietze, G.*; Bordy, J.-M.*; Endo, Akira; Gualdrini, G.*; Pelliccioni, M.*; Ambrosi, P.*; Siebert, B. R. L.*; Veinot, K.*; et al.

no journal, , 

The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) defines a set of operational quantities for use in radiation measurements that provides assessment of the protection quantities recommended by International Commission for Radiological Protection (ICRP). The ICRU operational quantities in current use was defined about 30 years ago. ICRU Report Committee 26 has examined the rationale for operational quantities taking into account the changes in the definitions of the protection quantities and the changes in the fields of application of the operational quantities and protection quantities. The considerations have included the range of types and energies of particles contributing to doses to workers and members of the public. The relationship of the existing recommended operational quantities to the protection quantities has been investigated, as has the impact of changes in routine measurement practice, including instrument design and calibration. The committee has proposed a set of operational quantities which differs from the previous quantities. The major change in the proposed set of quantities is the redefinition of the operational quantities for area monitoring from doses computed at a depth in the ICRU sphere to ones based on particle fluence and the relationship to the protection quantities, effective dose, and equivalent dose to the lens of the eye, and local skin.

Oral presentation

ICRP activities on dose coefficients for members of the public from external exposures to environmental sources

Petoussi-Henss, N.*; Bellamy, M.*; Bolch, W. E.*; Eckerman, K. F.*; Endo, Akira; Hertel, N.*; Hunt, J.*; Jansen, J.*; Kim, C. H.*; Lee, C.*; et al.

no journal, , 

A Task Group of the Committee 2 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP, is currently working on the estimation of effective dose and organ dose coefficients for members of the public due to environmental external exposures to photons and electrons. The JAEA is contributing to the Task Group by calculating the doses with the radiation transport code PHITS which has been developed in the JAEA. Those calculations were performed using the ICRP adult and pediatric male and female reference computational phantoms for the environmental radiation sources in air, soil, and water. The obtained results of effective dose and organ dose are normalized to radioactivity concentration, ambient dose equivalent, and air kerma, and summarize in a database of the dose coefficients. Furthermore, dose coefficients for radionuclides in the environment are also evaluated by using the most recent nuclear decay data.

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