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論文

Diverse microbiome functions, limited temporal variation and substantial genomic conservation within sedimentary and granite rock deep underground research laboratories

天野 由記; Sachdeva, R.*; Gittins, D.*; Anantharaman, K.*; Lei, S.*; Valentin-Alvarado, L. E.*; Diamond, S.*; 別部 光里*; 岩月 輝希; 望月 陽人; et al.

Environmental Microbiome (Internet), 19, p.105_1 - 105_17, 2024/12

 被引用回数:0 パーセンタイル:0.00(Genetics & Heredity)

Underground research laboratories (URLs) provide a window on the deep biosphere and enable investigation of potential microbial impacts on nuclear waste, CO$$_{2}$$ and H$$_{2}$$ stored in the subsurface. We carried out the first multi-year study of groundwater microbiomes sampled from defined intervals between 140 and 400 m below the surface of the Horonobe and Mizunami URLs, Japan. The Horonobe and Mizunami microbiomes are dissimilar, likely because the Mizunami URL is hosted in granitic rock and the Horonobe URL in sedimentary rock. Despite this, hydrogen metabolism, rubisco-based CO$$_{2}$$ fixation, reduction of nitrogen compounds and sulfate reduction are well represented functions in microbiomes from both URLs, although methane metabolism is more prevalent at the organic- and CO$$_{2}$$-rich Horonobe URL. We detected near-identical genotypes for approximately one third of all genomically defined organisms at multiple depths within the Horonobe URL. This cannot be explained by inactivity, as in situ growth was detected for some bacteria, albeit at slow rates. Given the current low hydraulic conductivity and groundwater compositional heterogeneity, ongoing inter-site strain dispersal seems unlikely. Alternatively, the Horonobe URL microbiome homogeneity may be explained by higher groundwater mobility during the last glacial period. Genotypically-defined species closely related to those detected in the URLs were identified in three other subsurface environments in the USA. Thus, dispersal rates between widely separated underground sites may be fast enough relative to mutation rates to have precluded substantial divergence in species composition. Species overlaps between subsurface locations on different continents constrain expectations regarding the scale of global subsurface biodiversity. Overall, microbiome and geochemical stability over the study period has important implications for underground storage applications.

論文

Clades of huge phages from across Earth's ecosystems

Al-Shayeb, B.*; Sachdeva, R.*; Chen, L.-X.*; Ward, F.*; Munk, P.*; Devoto, A.*; Castelle, C. J.*; Olm, M. R.*; Bouma-Gregson, K.*; 天野 由記; et al.

Nature, 578(7795), p.425 - 431, 2020/02

 被引用回数:268 パーセンタイル:99.46(Multidisciplinary Sciences)

Phage typically have small genomes and depend on their bacterial hosts for replication. We generated metagenomic datasets from many diverse ecosystems and reconstructed hundreds of huge phage genomes, between 200 kbp and 716 kbp in length. Thirty four genomes were manually curated to completion, including the largest phage genomes yet reported. Expanded genetic repertoires include diverse and new CRISPR-Cas systems, tRNAs, tRNA synthetases, tRNA modification enzymes, initiation and elongation factors and ribosomal proteins. Phage CRISPR have the capacity to silence host transcription factors and translational genes, potentially as part of a larger interaction network that intercepts translation to redirect biosynthesis to phage-encoded functions. Some phage repurpose bacterial systems for phage-defense to eliminate competing phage. We phylogenetically define seven major clades of huge phage from human and other animal microbiomes, oceans, lakes, sediments, soils and the built environment. We conclude that large gene inventories reflect a conserved biological strategy, observed across a broad bacterial host range and resulting in the distribution of huge phage across Earth's ecosystems.

論文

Guiding and confining fast electrons by transient electric and magnetic fields with a plasma inverse cone

Lei, A. L.*; Cao, L. H.*; Yang, X. Q.*; 田中 和夫*; 兒玉 了祐*; He, X. T.*; 三間 圀興*; 中村 龍史; 乗松 孝好*; Yu, W.*; et al.

Physics of Plasmas, 16(2), p.020702_1 - 020702_4, 2009/02

 被引用回数:12 パーセンタイル:41.62(Physics, Fluids & Plasmas)

反転コーンにおける高速電子の伝播に関するシミュレーション及び実験的研究を行った。コーン形状ターゲットは高速点火核融合において、高エネルギー発生及びレーザーの集光を目的として利用されている。本研究では、コーンターゲットを電子のガイディングを目的として利用することが可能であることを示した。反転コーンの先端部にレーザーを照射することで、多くの高速電子が発生する。これらの電子はコーンの側面に誘起される電磁場によってガイドされることがシミュレーションにより確認された。この現象を大型レーザーを使った実験により調べ、大電流が発生する場合においても電子のガイディングが起こることが確認された。

論文

Search for signature inversion in the $$pi i_{13/2} bigotimes nu i_{13/2}$$ bands in $$^{182,184,186}$$Au

Zhang, Y. H.*; Zhou, X. H.*; He, J. J.*; Liu, Z.*; Fang, Y. D.*; Guo, W. T.*; Lei, X. G.*; Guo, Y. X.*; Ndontchueng, M. M.*; Ma, L.*; et al.

International Journal of Modern Physics E, 15(7), p.1437 - 1445, 2006/10

 被引用回数:3 パーセンタイル:27.84(Physics, Nuclear)

タンデム加速器施設において多重$$gamma$$線検出装置GEMINI-IIを用いたインビーム$$gamma$$線核分光実験により、高スピン核構造が未知である陽子数,中性子数ともに奇数である奇奇核$$^{182,184,186}$$Auの$$pi i_{13/2} bigotimes nu i_{13/2}$$回転バンドにおける低スピン指標逆転現象を探索した。これら3つの核の$$pi i_{13/2} bigotimes nu i_{13/2}$$バンドを同定し、高スピン状態まで拡張することに成功した。特に、$$^{184}$$Auにおいて$$pi i_{13/2} bigotimes nu i_{13/2}$$バンドと基底状態回転バンドの間のバンド間転移が確立され、$$pi i_{13/2} bigotimes nu i_{13/2}$$バンドのスピン・パリティを決めることができた。この結果、これら3つの核の$$pi i_{13/2} bigotimes nu i_{13/2}$$回転バンドで低スピン指標逆転現象が見つかった。

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