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論文

Modeling of the P2M past fuel melting experiments with the FEMAXI-8 code

Mohamad, A. B.; 宇田川 豊

Nuclear Technology, 210(2), p.245 - 260, 2024/02

 被引用回数:0 パーセンタイル:0.01(Nuclear Science & Technology)

In the Power to Melt and Maneuverability (P2M) project, a simulation exercise on two past power ramp experiments xM3 on medium burn-up rod and HBC4 on high burn-up rod were performed with the fuel performance code FEMAXI-8 to investigate the fuel behavior under high power and high-temperature conditions toward centerline fuel melting. In order to treat fuel melting, empirical melting temperature models have been incorporated into the FEMAXI-8 code. The present analysis gave reasonable predictions not only on cladding deformation but also on the fuel melting behavior of the HBC4 rod, in which the UO$$_{2}$$ liquidus temperature was reached during the transient. On the other hand, model improvement appeared to be needed for a more accurate treatment of fuel melting behavior of the xM3 rod, in which fuel center temperature reached solidus line, whereas may not reached liquidus line. A reasonable agreement of estimated FGR with the measurement suggested that the high temperature FGR at the given conditions are essentially temperature dependent phenomenon: rate-limited primarily by thermally activated elementary processes such as fission gas diffusion.

論文

Microstructural evolution of intermetallic phase precipitates in Cr-coated zirconium alloy cladding in high-temperature steam oxidation up to 1400$$^{circ}$$C

Mohamad, A. B.; 根本 義之; 古本 健一郎*; 岡田 裕史*; 佐藤 大樹*

Corrosion Science, 224, p.111540_1 - 111540_15, 2023/11

The steam oxidation test on the Cr-coated Zry cladding was studied up to 1400$$^{circ}$$C to understand the oxidation behavior under the accidental conditions. The double-sided oxidation test study showed that Cr coating can protect Zry cladding at 1200$$^{circ}$$C within 5 min. Cr coating has a protective effect on the Zry cladding up to 1200$$^{circ}$$C in a steam environment. However, in the oxidation test up to 1200$$^{circ}$$C/30 min and 1300$$^{circ}$$C/5 min, Cr coating can no longer protect Zry cladding. Furthermore, at 1300$$^{circ}$$C, the intermetallic phase of the Zr(Cr, Fe)$$_{2}$$ phase that precipitated within the Zry substrate formed as globule microstructures with Fe enrichment. In addition, the transition of the intermetallic phase within the Zry substrate from the solid to the pre-liquid and liquid phases was observed, where it was determined at 1350$$^{circ}$$C/60 min and 1400$$^{circ}$$C/30 min within the ZrO$$_{2}$$ phase (outer side region). The oxidation of the Zr(Cr, Fe)$$_{2}$$ interlayer was also determined in this study, where it resulted in the formation of the oxide phase of Cr, Zr, and Fe. It is worth mentioning that further experiments, such as mechanical testing and modeling, should be considered to support the degradation of the Cr-coated Zry cladding mainly when the liquid phase of the intermetallic phase is obtained for beyond design-basis accident environment.

論文

Chemical interaction between Sr vapor species and nuclear reactor core structure

Mohamad, A. B.; 中島 邦久; 三輪 周平; 逢坂 正彦

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 60(3), p.215 - 222, 2023/03

 被引用回数:0 パーセンタイル:0.01(Nuclear Science & Technology)

The distribution of Sr in the reactor would be influenced by a chemical reaction of Sr vapor species with a structural material of internal reactor and fuel cladding materials; stainless steel (SS) or Zircaloy (Zry) cladding during 1F-NPS accident. The chemical interaction between Sr-Zry and Sr-SS has been described. The reaction tests have been performed to investigate the chemical interaction behavior under possible severe accident conditions. The tests have been conducted up to 1523 K under steam atmosphere. It was confirmed that Sr-Zr-O and Sr-Si-O compounds were formed through 2 kinds chemical interactions; gas-solid reaction and liquid-solid reaction. The gas and liquid species of Sr in a good contact with the solid Zry and SS to form Sr-Zr-O and Sr-Si-O compounds, respectively. Sr was deposited onto the Zry and SS surfaces and lead to the formation of reaction product. Thus, this study highlights the possibility that Sr was deposited and retained in the core structure where the temperature was elevated during the accident in the 1F-NPS.

論文

Chemical trapping of Sr vapor species by Zircaloy cladding under a specific chemical condition

Mohamad, A.*; 中島 邦久; 鈴木 恵理子; 三輪 周平; 逢坂 正彦; 大石 佑治*; 牟田 浩明*; 黒崎 健*

Proceedings of International Topical Workshop on Fukushima Decommissioning Research (FDR 2019) (Internet), 4 Pages, 2019/05

福島原子力発電所事故では、炉心への海水注入により揮発性のSrCl$$_{2}$$が生成し、不揮発性グループに分類されていたSrが、燃料から放出され、ステンレス鋼やジルカロイ(Zry)のような原子炉構造材と化学反応を引き起こした可能性がある。そして、このような反応は、炉内のSr分布に変化をもたらすと考えられたため、SrとZryとの化学反応に関する実験を行った。その結果、燃料からの放出直後にSr蒸気が化学的にジルカロイ被覆管にトラップされ、デブリの酸化物相中に優先的に保持される可能性のあることが分かった。

口頭

Fuel performance analysis by using FEMAXI code for the fuel samples (HBC4, XM3) burned up to different level

Mohamad, A. B.; 宇田川 豊; 根本 義之; 山下 真一郎

no journal, , 

This work investigated the impact of fuel burnup on the fuel performance behavior by comparing the analytical results. The fuel performance behaviors were studied by using a fuel performance tool FEMAXI-8, which was established by JAEA. The simulation had been calculated under steady state as well as transient conditions: base and ramp irradiations. The melted radius was estimated from the interpolation of pellet center temperature and melting temperature of UO$$_{2}$$. The estimated melted radius of the HBC4 sample (burnup: 48 GWd/tU) was corresponded to the PIE data. However, for the XM3 sample (burnup: 27 GWd/tU), the estimated melted radius was underestimated than PIE values. It is expected that the fuel start to melt when the fuel center temperature was exceeded the melting temperature of UO$$_{2}$$. Even though further improvement seems to be required, our works revealed that FEMAXI-8 can reproduce well the experimental data of transient. The authors will discuss necessary improvement of the code, and influence of burnup level in the workshop.

口頭

Crコーティング被覆管に関する研究,2; LOCA試験後の金相評価

Mohamad, A. B.; 岡田 裕史*; 佐藤 大樹*; 井岡 郁夫; 鈴木 恵理子; 根本 義之

no journal, , 

Chromium (Cr) coated zirconium (Zr) based alloy cladding is the promising material for a near term accident tolerant fuel (ATF). Cr-coated Zr based cladding was fabricated by sputtering technique and simulated LOCA tests were conducted up to different high temperatures (1200$$^{circ}$$C to 1350$$^{circ}$$C). The present work aims to investigate the metallography of Cr-coated Zr cladding after LOCA test. The result showed Cr$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$ layers were formed as a protective oxide layer at the outmost layer for all samples. However, Cr-Zr phases were observed for the samples which tested up to 1300$$^{circ}$$C and 1350$$^{circ}$$C, seems that the Cr-Zr reaction had occurred at this temperature. In addition, Cr-Zr layer in the sample tested up to 1350$$^{circ}$$C was thicker than which in the sample tested up 1300$$^{circ}$$C. In particular, the main phases observed in the cross-sectional area were Cr$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$, Cr, ZrO$$_{2}$$, Cr-Zr, and Zr situated from outer to inner of the sample after LOCA test. The details of the microstructure on these samples will be discussed in the presentation.

口頭

Crコーティング被覆管に関する研究,1; 酸化挙動の評価

根本 義之; 岡田 裕史*; 佐藤 大樹*; Mohamad, A. B.; 井岡 郁夫; 鈴木 恵理子

no journal, , 

従来のジルコニウム合金製被覆管の外表面にクロム(Cr)等のコーティングを施し、事故時高温水蒸気中での耐酸化性を向上させた事故耐性燃料(ATF)被覆管の開発が進められている。本研究ではCrコーティング被覆管の事故時挙動について評価し、今後の開発に資する知見を得るため、酸化挙動の評価を行った。酸化挙動に関しては、LOCA時の被覆管破裂後を想定した両面酸化条件での酸化試験を行った。その結果、650$$sim$$1150$$^{circ}$$Cの温度域ではいずれの場合もコーティングなしの場合に比較して、コーティングありの場合に、酸化量が低く抑えられて推移する傾向が見られた。

口頭

CrコーティングZr合金製被覆管を用いたATFのSAMPSONによる解析手法の開発

手塚 健一*; 木野 千晶*; 山下 晋; Mohamad, A. B.; 根本 義之

no journal, , 

原子力発電所の過酷事故発生時に水素発生・炉心溶融の進展を抑制することを目的とした事故耐性燃料の開発が進んでおり、PWR用には、CrコーティングしたZr被覆管(Crコーティング被覆管)が検討されている。本研究では、Crコーティング被覆管を用いたATFの事故時挙動を評価するための解析手法を開発した。解析ツールとして、国産のSA解析コードであり、ソースコードに容易にアクセス可能なSAMPSONを用いた。解析の結果、現行被覆管に比べて、Crコーティング被覆管を用いることで、事故模擬条件において有意な水素発生抑制効果を確認することができた。

口頭

The Behavior of Cr-coated Zry cladding under high-temperature steam oxidation

Mohamad, A. B.; 古本 健一郎; 根本 義之; 井岡 郁夫; 佐藤 大樹*; 岡田 裕史*; 山下 真一郎; 逢坂 正彦

no journal, , 

Chromium (Cr) coated zirconium (Zr) based alloy cladding is the promising material for a near term accident tolerant fuel (ATF). Cr-coated Zr based cladding was fabricated by sputtering technique and HT oxidation tests were conducted up to different high temperatures (1100$$^{circ}$$C to 1400$$^{circ}$$C). The present work aims to investigate the metallography of Cr-coated Zr cladding after HT steam test. The result showed Cr$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$ layers were formed as a protective oxide layer at the outmost layer for all samples. However, Cr-Zr-Fe phases were observed In particular, the main phases observed in the cross-sectional area were Cr$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$, Cr, ZrO$$_{2}$$, Cr-Zr, and Zr situated from outer to inner of the sample after HT test. The details of the microstructure and mechanism of these samples will be discussed in the presentation.

口頭

Overview of ATF R&D program in Japan

山下 真一郎; Mohamad, A. B.; 井岡 郁夫; 根本 義之; 川西 智弘; 逢坂 正彦; 加治 芳行

no journal, , 

福島第一原子力発電所事故を教訓に、冷却材喪失等の過酷条件においても損傷しにくく、高い信頼性を有する新型燃料の開発への関心が高まり、世界中の多くの国々において事故耐性を高めた新型燃料(ATF: Accident Tolerant Fuel)の研究開発が進められている。国内におけるATF開発は、経済産業省資源エネルギー庁からの委託を受けて共通基盤技術開発を担う原子力機構と、各ATF候補材料の要素技術開発を担うプラントメーカ、燃料メーカのコンソーシアムが、密接に連携協力しながら進めてきている。本講演では、各ATF要素技術の進捗状況報告に先立ち、本邦で進められているATF開発の状況について、国内でのATF開発における原子力機構の役割等の説明を基盤研究の成果を交えながら概要を説明する。

口頭

Accident-Tolerant Fuel R&D Program in Japan

山下 真一郎; Mohamad, A. B.; 井岡 郁夫; 根本 義之; 川西 智弘; 加治 芳行; 逢坂 正彦; 村上 望*; 大脇 理夫*; 佐々木 政名*; et al.

no journal, , 

日本の事故耐性燃料(ATF)研究開発プログラムは、軽水商用炉の炉心、燃料の評価及び実際の設計、研究開発の経験等を最大限に利用するために国内のプラントメーカ、燃料製造メーカ、大学などと協力し2015年より進められてきている。現在国内で検討されているATF候補材料は、潜在的にPWR及びBWRへの適用が期待できる炭化ケイ素/炭化ケイ素(SiC/SiC)複合材料、BWR向けに開発が進められている酸化物分散によって強化されたFeCrAl鋼、PWR向けCr-コーティングジルカロイ被覆管である。また、被覆管材料に加えて、SiC製のBWR用チャンネルボックスや事故耐性制御棒に関する研究開発も行われている。本講演では、ATFプログラムにおけるJAEAの役割を含めて、現在までの研究開発の進捗状況を概説する。

口頭

Transition of the Zr(Cr, Fe)$$_{2}$$ intermetallic phase up to the eutectic temperature

Mohamad, A. B.; 根本 義之; 古本 健一郎*; 岡田 裕史*; 佐藤 大樹*

no journal, , 

The development of Accident Tolerant Fuel (ATF) had been started by conducting the investigation on new concepts to improve the safety of Light Water Reactors (LWRs). It is well known that the Cr coating on Zry cladding has shown an improvement in behavior under accident conditions and normal operation. In the Cr-Zr system, the eutectic phase of ZrCr$$_{2}$$ is present at 1332$$^{circ}$$C and forms as intermetallic compounds. There is still lack of data on the evolution of the intermetallic phase when the oxidation temperature reaches the eutectic temperature of Cr-Zr. Therefore, the purpose of this study will be to understand the solid-to-liquid phase transition of Zr(Cr, Fe)$$_{2}$$. High temperature oxidation tests were performed in a steam atmosphere to the target temperature (i.e., 1100$$^{circ}$$C, 1200$$^{circ}$$C, 1300$$^{circ}$$C, 1350$$^{circ}$$C, and 1400$$^{circ}$$C) for different exposure times of 5, 30, and 60 min. From the tests, the transition of Zr(Cr, Fe)$$_{2}$$ that formed at the Cr-Zr interface and also that precipitated in the Zry cladding were studied with varied oxidation time and temperatures. The microstructural evolution of the intermetallic phase was observed in the Zr substrate within the progress of the oxidation of Cr-coated Zry. A dendritic structure was observed at 1400$$^{circ}$$C, indicating the formation of the Zr(Cr, Fe)$$_{2}$$ liquid phase when the oxidation temperature is above the eutectic temperature.

口頭

The Transition of protective coating to no-longer protective coating of Cr-coated Zry cladding in high temperature steam oxidation

Mohamad, A. B.; 根本 義之; 古本 健一郎*; 岡田 裕史*; 佐藤 大樹*

no journal, , 

The development of Accident Tolerant Fuel (ATF) started with the investigation of new concepts to improve the safety of Light Water Reactors (LWR). It is well known that the Cr coating on Zry cladding has shown improved behaviour under accident conditions and in normal operation. However, many questions remain about the oxidation behaviour of Cr-coated Zry cladding as it approaches the Cr-Zr eutectic temperature. In the present study, the steam oxidation tests were carried out under different oxidation conditions in order to understand the oxidation behaviour of the Cr-coated material mainly above the eutectic temperature. The results obtained showed that the Cr coating can protect the Zry substrate at 1100$$^{circ}$$C to 1200$$^{circ}$$C/5min. However, at 1200$$^{circ}$$C/30min, the Cr coating no longer protected the Zry substrate. This is due to the formation of Zr at the Cr grain boundary where it becomes a short path for O diffusion and reacts with the Zry substrate.

口頭

JAEAにおけるATF基礎基盤研究

Mohamad, A. B.; 根本 義之; 相馬 康孝; 石島 暖大; 佐藤 智徳; 井岡 郁夫; Pham, V. H.; 三輪 周平; 中島 邦久; 加治 芳行; et al.

no journal, , 

ATF等の新型燃料実用化においては、関連技術開発やそれらの基となる科学的知見の取得及び拡充が不可欠である。原子力機構は、照射試験実施による燃料ふるまい解析技術基盤の構築のための研究開発を行い、長期を要する開発において、開発内容やスケジュールの予見性向上に貢献していくべきと認識している。このため、実装化が最も早いCrコーティング被覆管に関して、燃料ふるまいのメカニズムに立ち返り、「長期照射時の影響」「事故時影響」に関する科学的知見を拡充することを目的とした基礎基盤研究計画を立案し、研究をすすめている。本発表では各研究項目の内容や期待される成果、これまでに得られた結果等を紹介する。

口頭

Improving chemical thermodynamics knowledge of severe accidents within the OECD-TCOFF2 Project

Journeau, C.*; Bechta, S.*; Komlev, A.*; 倉田 正輝; 多木 寛; 松本 俊慶; Mohamad, A. B.; Barrachin, M.*; Quaini, A.*; Bottomley, D.*; et al.

no journal, , 

The OECD project TCOFF-2 (Thermodynamic Chemistry of Fission Products - Part 2) is an extension of the original project that was part of the near-term projects intended to support the Fukushima Dai-ichi decommissioning efforts. This second part continues to be mainly financed by Japanese Ministry (MEXT) with JAEA-CLADS support. TCOFF2 started in August 2022 and includes certain new material requirements compared to the first TCOFF project. These are increased emphasis on accident tolerant fuels (ATFs), certain actinides and fission products related to volatility/leachability but also certain combinations of the ceramic oxide systems important for MCCI behaviour. Following a PIRT review of phenomena in TCOFF 1, there was in TCOFF2 a Task 1 to prioritise current needs, particularly for relevance to severe accident phenomena and alternative materials (ATFs). This included a re-evaluation and ranking of the thermodynamic systems to make a Systems Identification and Ranking Table (SIRT) for the improvement of the thermodynamic database foreseen in TCOFF2. The further systems for evaluation were then proposed by the partners according to their particular requirements; this resulted in over 150 thermodynamic systems. In the mid-year meeting (June 2023) discussions were made to rationalise these into the most important 20 systems. The rationale for the reduction of systems to this limit will be explained in the talk, both those systems that were omitted as well as those finally included. These systems will then be used as a priority list of work for the experimental call to members that will be launched by the TCOFF-2 project towards the end of the year 2023 with the intention to initiate the first projects soon afterwards.

口頭

Oxidation behavior of Cr-coated Zry cladding in steam environments

Mohamad, A. B.; 根本 義之; 古本 健一郎*; 岡田 裕史*; 佐藤 大樹*

no journal, , 

It is widely recognized that the Cr coating on Zry cladding has shown an improvement in the behavior under accident conditions and normal operation. Many research groups around the world have conducted the high-temperature oxidation and LOCA tests on Cr-coated Zry under accident conditions and explained the degradation phenomena from these tests. Although many literatures have revealed the mechanism and phenomena of the degradation of the Cr-coated, there is still a lack of data on the Zr-Cr-Fe phase or intermetallic phase behavior when the temperature reaches and exceeds the eutectic temperature of Zr-Cr (1332$$^{circ}$$C). In the present study, a high temperature steam oxidation test is carried out from 1100 to 1400$$^{circ}$$C in order to understand the behavior of Cr-coated Zry as it approaches the eutectic temperature. Fromelectron probe microanalysis, the Fe enrichment of the Zr(Cr,Fe)$$_{2}$$ phase is identified for the sample tested at 1300$$^{circ}$$C. In addition, the liquid formation of the Zr(Cr,Fe)$$_{2}$$ phase is observed at 1300$$^{circ}$$C.

口頭

Fundamental research program on zircalloy with accident tolerance

Mohamad, A. B.; 相馬 康孝; 根本 義之; 阿部 陽介; 井岡 郁夫; 佐藤 智徳; 石島 暖大; 三輪 周平; 中島 邦久; 加治 芳行; et al.

no journal, , 

日本原子力研究開発機構(以下、JAEA)では、2019年に事故耐性を兼ね備えたジルカロイに関する基礎研究を立ち上げ取り組んできている。基礎研究を実施する主目的は、長期の通常運転時、冷却水喪失事故(以下、LOCA)時、設計基準外事象(以下、B-DBA)時、過酷事故(以下、SA)時におけるジルカロイ挙動の理解を深化させること、そして国内メーカで開発されているクロムコーティングジルカロイの実装を支援すること、である。JAEAはまた、通常運転時、LOCA時、B-DBA時、SA時における事故耐性コーティングジルカロイの挙動理解に必要な基礎技術開発も行っている。例えば、通常運転条件を模擬するために軽水炉の冷却条件を組合わせたイオン照射試験技術を開発している。また、被覆管の破断やバル―ニングを詳細に理解するために、LOCA試験で得られた結果を機械学習に取り込んだ解析等もしている。さらには、高温酸化試験のような分離効果試験なども実施している。加えて、B-DBAやSA時の核分裂生成ガスの放出についても研究プログラムに含まれている。将来的には、これらの基礎技術を用いて得られた研究結果は、統合されて燃料ふるまい解析コードに導入されることによって原子炉の運転条件下での燃料ふるまいの予測に用いられる。

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