Estimation of observables

Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Iwamoto, Yosuke

Hoshasen Shahei Handobukku; Oyohen, p.68 - 74, 2020/03

Atomic Energy Society of Japan is going to compile a book entitled "The handbook of radiation shielding -Advanced Edition-" as the guideline for researchers and engineers working on radiation shielding in Japan. The authors are responsible for a chapter dedicated to "Evaluation of observables". Conventionally, in radiation shielding calculation, the quantities averaged over a lot of radiation particles are assessed; however, fluctuation around the average matters for detector response calculation, and radiation-induced damage. Therefore, algorithms to recover the details on fluctuations, such as the event generator mode of PHITS, are needed. This publication is intended to explain the significance of fluctuation evaluation in radiation transport, the principle to calculate the fluctuation, and the effect of the fluctuation on observables.

Prediction of scintillation light yield based on track-structure simulation

Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Yamaki, Tetsuya*

Hoshasen Kagaku (Internet), (108), p.11 - 17, 2019/11

Scintillators are generally used to detect various kinds of particles such as electrons, gammas, protons and heavy ions. Scintillators emit photons according to the energy deposited to the crystal. It is also known that light yield is suppressed for particles depositing energy densely owing to quenching. Moreover, it is suggested that quenching is attributed to transfer of energy from excited fluorescent molecules to damaged molecules (Frster mechanism or Dexter mechanism). In this study, energy deposition in a scintillator crystal by radiation was calculated using radiation transport codes to finally obtain excitation and damage of fluorescent molecules. Based on the calculation, spatial configuration of exited and damaged molecules. Then the probability that Frster mechanism takes place in excited molecules were estimated to obtain the number of fluorescent molecules that emit photons. As a result, light yield is proportionally increased with increase in the incident energy in case of electron incidence. On the other hand, light yield is increased non-linearly in case of proton incidence. This trend is in a good agreement with the experimental results.

Effects of the nuclear structure of fission fragments on the high-energy prompt fission -ray spectrum in U()

Makii, Hiroyuki; Nishio, Katsuhisa; Hirose, Kentaro; Orlandi, R.; Lguillon, R.; Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Soldner, T.*; Kster, U.*; Pollitt, A.*; Hambsch, F.-J.*; et al.

Physical Review C, 100(4), p.044610_1 - 044610_7, 2019/10

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.100.044610

Measurement of neutron-production double-differential cross sections of C, Al, Fe, and Pb by 20, 34, 48, 63, and 78 MeV protons in the most-forward direction

Satoh, Daiki; Iwamoto, Yosuke; Ogawa, Tatsuhiko

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 920, p.22 - 36, 2019/03

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.12.049

The Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) is a general purpose particle transport simulation code developed by the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). The PHITS is utilized in various areas including a shielding design of accelerator facilities. Unfortunately, it is known that theoretical models and evaluated nuclear data used in the PHITS cannot reproduce the neutron production in most-forward direction for proton incidences. Hence, the present study aimed to obtain the experimental data of neutron-production double-differential cross sections of C, Al, Fe, and Pb by 20, 34, 48, 63, and 78 MeV protons in most-forward direction for improvement of theoretical models and nuclear data. The experiment has been performed at the ion irradiation facility (TIARA) of the National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology. The proton beams provided by the cyclotron were incident to the target sample. The neutrons produced by nuclear reactions were pass through the collimator in the most-forward direction, and measured with an organic scintillator at the experimental room. The kinetic energy of those neutrons was determined by the time-of-flight method. The obtained results were compared with the results of the theoretical model INCL and the nuclear-data library JENDL-4.0/HE used in the PHITS. It was found that the INCL and JENDL-4.0/HE cannot reproduce the peak structures observed for light nuclei, because they do not consider the nuclear transition between discrete states of nucleus. In addition, the JENDL-4.0/HE agreed with the experimental data of energy-integrated cross section within a factor of 2, but the INCL gave approximately 6 times larger values.

A New detector system for the measurement of high-energy prompt -rays for low-energy neutron induced fission

Makii, Hiroyuki; Nishio, Katsuhisa; Hirose, Kentaro; Orlandi, R.; Lguillon, R.*; Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Soldner, T.*; Hambsch, F.-J.*; Ache, M.*; Astier, A.*; et al.

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 906, p.88 - 96, 2018/10

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.07.055

We have developed a new setup to measure prompt fission -ray spectra in neutron induced fission up to energies sufficient to reveal the structure associated with giant dipole resonances of fission fragments. The setup consists of multi-wire proportional counters, to detect both fission fragments in coincidence, and two large volume (101.6 mm in diameter and 127.0 mm in length) LaBr(Ce) scintillators, to measure the -rays. The setup was used to obtain the prompt fission -ray spectrum for thermal neutron induced fission of U at the PF1B cold-neutron beam facility of the Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France. We have successfully measured the -ray spectrum up to energies of about 20 MeV, what extends the currently known -ray spectrum limit to higher energies by approximately a factor of two.

Cluster formation in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions

Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Hashimoto, Shintaro; Niita, Koji*

Physical Review C, 98(2), p.024611_1 - 024611_15, 2018/08

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.98.024611

Particle production by nucleus-nucleus reactions in the energy range from GeV to TeV is substantially important for safety evaluation in heavy ion accelerators and evaluation of space radiation dose. A lot of models and theories have been studied. In the models developed in the past, interaction between nucleons were dependent on the reference frame; therefore the moving incident nucleus and the target nucleus at rest transferred to the common frame were disintegrated. Previously, intentional bias was introduced to the calculation algorithms to supplement stability but residual nucleus mass and secondary particle production was underestimated. In this study, a reaction model JAMQMD was developed, in which intra-nucleon interaction was described in a frame-independent way. This model can reproduce the stability of nuclei regardless of the reference frame and the yield of residual nuclei as well as secondary particles including deuterons. JQMD Ver.2 developed 3 years ago can simulate nucleus-nucleus reactions up to 3 GeV/nucleon; therefore the development of JAMQMD is the doorway to simulate nucleus-nucleus reactions regardless of the incident energy. JAMQMD is an useful model for not only radiation protection studies but also analysis of fundamental physics studies.

2018 Annual Meeting of Japan Atomic Energy Society, Joint Session of Nuclear Data Subcommittee and Sigma Special Advisory Committee; Present status and future of nuclear data evaluation code in Japan, 4; Role and improvement of nuclear reaction models in the PHITS code

Hashimoto, Shintaro; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Iwamoto, Yosuke; Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Furuta, Takuya; Abe, Shinichiro; Niita, Koji*

Kaku Deta Nyusu (Internet), (120), p.26 - 34, 2018/06

http://www.aesj.or.jp/~ndd/ndnews/No120.html

Particle and heavy-ion transport code system PHITS has been used for calculations of radiation shielding in accelerator facilities. PHITS describes physical phenomena induced by radiation as combination of transport and collision processes. The collision process including nuclear reactions is simulated by the three-step calculation: a generation of a reaction, pre-equilibrium, and compound processes. In the simulation, many physics models are used. This report explains roles of the models in PHITS and shows their developments we recently performed.

Comparison of heavy-ion transport simulations; Collision integral in a box

Zhang, Y.-X.*; Wang, Y,-J.*; Colonna, M.*; Danielewicz, P.*; Ono, Akira*; Tsang, M. B.*; Wolter, H.*; Xu, J.*; Chen, L.-W.*; Cozma, D.*; et al.

Physical Review C, 97(3), p.034625_1 - 034625_20, 2018/03

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.97.034625

International comparison of heavy-ion induced reaction models were discussed in the international conference "Transport2017" held in April 2017. Owing to their importance for safety assessment of heavy-ion accelerators and dosimetry of astronauts, various models to simulate heavy-ion induced reaction models are developed. This study is intended to clarify the difference among them to pinpoint their problems. In the comparison study, 320 protons and 320 neutrons were packed in a 20-fm-large cube to calculate the number of particle-particle collisions as well as the energies of collisions during the time evolution. In addition to the calculation, their algorithms were compared. The author contributed to this study by running calculation using JQMD (JAERI Quantum Molecular Dynamics). The results were compared with those calculated by the other 15 codes from over the world. Algorithm comparison showed that JQMD calculates collision probabilities from protons at first and collisions by neutrons are simulated later, which might be unreasonable. On the other hand, it was clarified that the calculation by JQMD agrees with those by the others. Despite the fact that some codes deviate from the average by a factor of 2, JQMD exhibited stable performance.

Measurement of high-energy prompt -rays from neutron induced fission of U-235

Makii, Hiroyuki; Nishio, Katsuhisa; Hirose, Kentaro; Orlandi, R.; Lguillon, R.; Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Soldner, T.*; Hambsch, F.-J.*; Astier, A.*; Pollitt, A.*; et al.

EPJ Web of Conferences (Internet), 146, p.04036_1 - 04036_4, 2017/09

https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714604036

The measurement of the prompt fission -ray spectrum (PFGS) is quite important to study the de-excitation process of neutron-rich fission fragments as well as to generate data required to design a generation-IV reactors. The PFGS measured for spontaneous fission of Cf shows a broad hump at energies more than 8 MeV. This is interpreted as a giant dipole resonance (GDR) of the fragments centered around 15 MeV. To understand how the GDR is populated in the fission process, one needs to measure the PFGS for the reactions with the mass yields different from the spontaneous fission of Cf, such as (n,f). The measurements of the PFGS for (n,f), however, are limited less than 9 MeV even in the recent experiment. This prompts us to make a new measurement to extend the know PFGS up to 20 MeV. The measurement has been carried out at the PF1B beam line of Institut Laue-Langevin. In this contribution we will present the results obtained the measurement.

Benchmark study of the recent version of the PHITS code

Iwamoto, Yosuke; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Hashimoto, Shintaro; Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Furuta, Takuya; Abe, Shinichiro; Kai, Takeshi; Matsuda, Norihiro; Hosoyamada, Ryuji*; Niita, Koji*

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 54(5), p.617 - 635, 2017/05

https://doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2017.1297742

We performed a benchmark study for 58 cases using the recent version 2.88 of the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) in the following fields: particle production cross-sections for nuclear reactions, neutron transport calculations, and electro-magnetic cascade. This paper reports details for 22 cases. In cases of nuclear reactions with energies above 100 MeV and electro-magnetic cascade, overall agreements were found to be satisfactory. On the other hand, PHITS did not reproduce the experimental data for an incident proton energy below 100 MeV, because the intranuclear cascade model INCL4.6 in PHITS is not suitable for the low-energy region. For proton incident reactions over 100 MeV, PHITS did not reproduce fission product yields due to the problem of high-energy fission process in the evaporation model GEM. To overcome these inaccuracies, we are planning to incorporate a high-energy version of the evaluated nuclear data library JENDL-4.0/HE, and so on.