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Xue, J.*; Huang, D.*; 服部 高典; Li, L.*; Feng, Y.*; Wang, H.*; Fan, X.*; Yao, J.*; Wang, Y.*; Liu, Z.*; et al.
Applied Physics Letters, 128(20), p.201903_1 - 201903_8, 2026/05
被引用回数：0NH
Iのサイクル疲労およびバロカロリック応答は、最大100MPaの応力を伴う加圧・減圧サイクル下で直接評価され、100サイクルの後に断熱温度変化(
)は15Kから約0.8Kまで減少した。emphその場X線回折、ラマン分光法、および中性子回折を併用した解析により、最初の荷重除去後であっても残留高圧相が存在することが明らかになり、その割合は100サイクル目までに急速に90%まで増加した。この疲労挙動を解明するために現象論的モデルが構築され、実験データとの良好な一致が得られた。粒界応力を緩和し、結晶粒の移動性を高めるため、NHI粒子とシリコーンオイルからなる複合体を、3Dプリントされたポリマーシェルに封入した。このような構造設計により、バロカロリック効果のサイクル安定性が著しく向上し、100サイクル後でもは約4.6Kまで上昇した。我々の結果は、気圧熱効果の疲労挙動に関する基礎的な理解を確立するとともに、実用的な気圧熱冷却技術への実現可能な道筋を示すものである。
Wang, Z.; 柴本 泰照
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 255(Part 1), p.127701_1 - 127701_16, 2026/02
被引用回数：1 パーセンタイル：38.57(Thermodynamics)Accurate modeling of heat transfer across material interfaces is essential for predicting thermal performance of a wide range of engineering systems, such as electronic packaging and composite materials. However, it becomes particularly challenging in the presence of thermal contact resistance (TCR), which introduces temperature discontinuities and nonlinear interfacial behavior, especially when countering complex geometries or dynamically evolving interfaces. To address this, this study presents a robust meshfree particle framework specifically designed to model interfacial heat transfer and accurately capture TCR effects. The framework is compatible with general particle methods, such as smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and moving particle semi-implicit (MPS). Its key innovation lies in a novel interfacial flux formulation based on pairwise thermal resistance, enabling a mathematically consistent treatment of temperature discontinuities by rigorously accounting for both interfacial thermal conductivity and contact resistance. The method is validated through a series of benchmark problems, including interfacial conductive and conjugate heat transfer in both two- and three-dimensional domains, demonstrating superior accuracy and convergence compared to existing models. The influence of TCR is further explored through representative conjugate heat transfer scenarios. Results confirm that the framework effectively captures interfacial temperature discontinuities and maintains consistent performance across a wide range of material property contrasts. Overall, the method provides a physically consistent, accurate, and versatile tool for simulating interfacial heat transfer in complex multiphase thermal systems.
RhZhang, J. Z.*; Chen, Z. Q.*; Qu, T.*; Wang, Y. K.*; Li, Z. H.*; Orlandi, R.; 他62名*
Physics Letters B, 873, p.140144_1 - 140144_9, 2026/02
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.00(Astronomy & Astrophysics)At the RIKEN, 
-delayed 
-ray spectroscopy studies were conducted on 
Rh and 
Rh, resulting in the world's first successful identification of a 1/2
isomer in these isotope, extending the energy difference between the 9/2
and 1/2 states up to neutron number 
=74. Comparison of the new results with state-of-the-art calculations suggests that triaxial deformation plays a significant role in the evolution of the energy difference, indicating a shape transition from axially symmetric to triaxial deformation within the Rh isotopic series. These findings provide new insights into the structure of neutron-rich nuclei in the atomic number 
region, elucidating the interplay between triaxial deformation and shell evolution.
Zhu, L.*; Dong, W.*; Naeem, M.*; Kong, H.*; Hu, C.*; Fan, Z.*; Gong, W.; Harjo, S.; Lan, S.*; Wu, Y.*; et al.
Acta Materialia, 303, p.121734_1 - 121734_10, 2026/01
被引用回数：3 パーセンタイル：35.08(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)Body-centered cubic (BCC) metals typically exhibit high yield strength but limited work hardening and uniform elongation, especially at low temperatures. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) offer opportunities to overcome these limitations, though their deformation mechanisms remain unclear. Using in situ neutron diffraction and microstructural analysis, this study identifies the origin of the exceptionally large uniform elongation at liquid nitrogen temperature in a single-phase BCC (TiZrHf)
Al
Nb
HEA. Initial plastic deformation is governed by a BCC-to-orthorhombic (
") transformation, followed by " twinning and deformation-induced amorphization at later stages. The cooperation of these mechanisms suppresses work softening from dislocation plasticity, enabling high yield strength with large uniform elongation and providing a viable strategy for designing cryogenic structural materials.
Wang, C.*; Yang, Z.*; Ren, Q.*; Mo. X.*; 吉川 貴史; 大門 俊介*; Diao, D.*; 齊藤 英治
Carbon, 246, p.120909_1 - 120909_7, 2026/01
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.00(Chemistry, Physical)Disordered carbon offers untapped potential for spin caloritronics. We report a phonon-enhanced spin-dependent Seebeck effect (SDSE) in a magnetic carbon film (MCF) with graphene nano-crystallites (10 nm), interfaced with Pt. In a longitudinal setup, the transverse thermoelectric voltage (
) peaks at (
) at 220 K, driven by a thermally induced spin current via the inverse spin Hall effect. Raman spectroscopy reveals a coincident G-band redshift peak, suggesting a phonon-spin resonance unique to MCF's hybrid structure. X-ray absorption spectra confirm stable sp
states, potentially mediating this effect. A multiple-sample study in addition reveals that smaller crystallites enhance SDSE. Unlike pristine graphene or insulators, MCF's weak ferromagnetism and phonon dynamics yield an unconventional spin-thermal regime. This finding redefines carbon's role in spin caloritronics, with tunable nano-crystallite size as a design parameter.
Fei, Y.*; Wang, Y.*; Zhang, J.*; Liu, J.*; Zhao, Z.*; 服部 高典; 阿部 淳*; Dong, X.*; Mao, H.-K.*; Zheng, H.*; et al.
Chemistry; A European Journal, p.e71096_1 - e71096_11, 2026/00
被引用回数：0カーボンナノスレッド(CNThs)は、卓越した機械的特性を備えた一次元飽和炭素ナノ材料である。多環芳香族炭化水素(PAHs)は、高圧下において、機械的性能が向上した、より太い多環状CNThsを形成すると期待されている。本研究では、最も単純なPAHであるナフタレンの高圧重合について、複数の最先端手法を用いて体系的に調査した。ナフタレン分子はヘリンボーン状に積層し、20GPa以上ではa-b方向に沿って[4+2]環化付加反応を起こし、一次元CNThを生成した。多くのCNThの形成とは対照的に、CNThの核生成は加圧中に起こりその成長は減圧中に進行するが、これはヘリンボーン状に積層した芳香族化合物に普遍的に見られる現象であると考えられる。得られたCNTh結晶の単位格子が決定され、生成物であるCNThの可能な構造も提案された。本研究は、高圧下におけるナフタレンの重合特性を明らかにし、滑り角が重合経路を決定する上で重要な役割を果たすことを示している。
和田 有希*; Wu, T.*; 鴨川 仁*; Wang, D.*; 岡田 豪*; 南斗 秀仁*; 澤野 達也*; 久保 守*; 米徳 大輔*; Diniz, G. Z.*; et al.
Journal of Geophysical Research; Atmospheres, 130(24), p.e2025JD043927_1 - e2025JD043927_16, 2025/12
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.00(Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences)We report two gamma-ray glows observed on December 22, 2023, during a winter thunderstorm in Japan, using an array of four radiation detectors. The first glow, detected by one sensor, was quenched by a lightning discharge. The second glow appeared 2-3 minutes later and was tracked by three other detectors. Radar observations suggest both glows originated from the same thundercloud cell. However, the detection timing of the second glow was inconsistent with simple thundercloud movement, indicating temporal variations in intrinsic glow brightness. A three-dimensional lightning mapping observation suggests that a discharge activity depleted the electric field that generated the first glow, and that the electric field having produced the second glow has been rapidly recovered. In addition, the radar observations also detected a descent of the thundercloud core between the two glows, which may have developed an electrified region and the second glow enough to be observed by the detectors. Tracking gamma-ray glows is crucial for understanding electrified regions in thunderclouds and associated gamma-ray glows.
Ou-Yang, Z.-X.*; Gubler, P.; 岡 眞*; Wang, G.-J.*; Wu, J.-J.*
Physical Review D, 112(11), p.114034_1 - 114034_13, 2025/12
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.00(Astronomy & Astrophysics)We propose an extension of the QCD sum rules, termed the resonance sum rules, to access resonance poles in the complex energy plane. By strategically introducing a contour in the complex plane and conformal mapping, the method intends to reach resonance poles on the second Riemann sheet. To validate this approach, we apply resonance sum rules to the square-well potential model, for which the pole locations are known. The analysis demonstrates a successful extraction of the pole positions and residues for both the S-wave and P-wave resonances. The results are in good agreement with the analytic solutions, with discrepancies within 5% for the pole positions and 20% for the residues. This framework provides a basis for future applications to realistic hadronic resonances, promising new insights into spectral properties of QCD.
neutron diffractionLiu, Y.*; Yan, Z.*; Gao, Y.*; Li, Y.*; Gan, B.*; Harjo, S.; Gong, W.; 川崎 卓郎; Li, S.*; Wang, Y.-D.*
Microstructures (Internet), 5(4), p.2025096_1 - 2025096_15, 2025/10
The micromechanical behaviors and dislocation evolution in a polycrystalline Ni-Co-based superalloy were systematically investigated by 
neutron diffraction tensile testing combined with line profile analysis. The results reveal the sequential activation of ' shearing and Orowan looping mechanisms, with interphase load partitioning governed by strain-dependent interactions of dislocation and precipitate. During the initial plastic deformation, the and ' phases undergo co-deformation through dislocation shearing without load transfer, while the Orowan looping facilitates the load transfer from to ' phase at a higher strain level. Furthermore, the low stacking fault energy leads to a rising fraction of screw dislocations by suppressing cross-slip. Crucially, the pinning effect of ' precipitates hinders the rearrangement of these dislocations into low-energy structures, resulting in the formation of high-energy, weakly screened dislocation configurations. These findings provide new evidence for the planar slip dominance in Ni-Co-based superalloys, enabling quantitative assessment of microstructural evolution and micromechanical responses.
Wang, Z.; 松本 俊慶; 柴本 泰照; Duan, G.*
Journal of Computational Physics, 537, p.114072_1 - 114072_29, 2025/09
被引用回数：2 パーセンタイル：73.99(Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications)In this study, we develop a novel sharp surface tension (SST) model for multiphase particle methods. Our approach integrates surface tension directly into pressure computation, enabling precise representation of pressure discontinuities across interfaces and effectively mitigating parasitic currents. In addition, to improve curvature accuracy, particularly in scenarios involving topological changes, a co-directional scheme is proposed to faithfully consider interfacial normal vectors. Furthermore, we reconstruct the interfacial particle shifting scheme to separately address tangential, normal, and repulsive components, effectively suppressing the common problem of interface particle mixing in multiphase particle methods. The effectiveness and reliability are rigorously validated through a series of numerical tests, including the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, curvature verification, droplet deformation and coalescence, as well as bubble rising and coalescence. The results demonstrate the superior accuracy and robustness of the proposed method, marking a significant advancement in simulations of multiphase flow with surface tension.
Zhao, X.*; Zhang, Z.*; 服部 高典; Wang, J.*; Li, L.*; Jia, Y.*; Li, W.*; Xue, J.*; Fan, X.*; Song, R.*; et al.
Nature Communications (Internet), 16, p.7713_1 - 7713_8, 2025/08
被引用回数：6 パーセンタイル：80.06(Multidisciplinary Sciences)熱効果は、固体状態の冷凍技術の一つの解決策の基盤を成すもので、通常は固体状態の相転移付近で発生し、冷凍温度範囲が限定されている。ここでは、前例のない概念である「全温度帯バロカロリック効果」を導入し実現する。すなわち、KPF
において77.5Kから300Kの極めて広い温度範囲(潜在的に4Kまで)で観測される顕著なバカカロリック効果である。この温度範囲は、一般的な室温、液体窒素、液体水素、液体ヘリウムの冷却領域をカバーしている。直接測定されたバーカロリック断熱温度変化は、250MPaの圧力を解放した際に、室温で12K、77.5Kで2.5Kに達する。この効果は、圧力依存性の中性子粉末回折、ラマン散乱解析、第一原理計算により示されるように、菱面体高圧相への持続的な相転移に起因する。構造的不安定性を考慮した熱力学的エネルギーランドスケープを記述する。この独自の全温度帯バロカロリック効果は、従来の多段式シナリオを超えた、高度に適用可能な固体状態冷凍技術への新たなアプローチを提供する。
Wang, Z.
Computational Particle Mechanics, 12(3), p.1491 - 1505, 2025/06
被引用回数：3 パーセンタイル：47.51(Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications)Particle methods, benefiting from the Lagrangian meshfree framework, have gained widespread application in free-surface flow simulations. Nonetheless, accurately modeling high-viscosity fluids remains a persistent challenge. In this study, we propose a new implicit moving particle simulation (IMPS) method specifically designed to address the complexities associated with high-viscous free-surface flows, tackling two main issues. Firstly, unlike the traditional Laplacian model, where orthogonal velocity components are treated as independent variables, this method enforces the velocity divergence-free constraint when discretizing the viscous term, effectively coupling the velocity components. This coupling is crucial for conserving angular momentum, especially in high-viscosity scenarios. Secondly, to overcome the time step restrictions imposed by high viscosity, a novel implicit calculation algorithm has been developed. This algorithm enables the simultaneous and implicit solution of pressure and velocity, ensuring the precise application of both free-surface and wall boundary conditions. The effectiveness of the IMPS method is rigorously verified through simulations, including a rotational flow in a circular pipe and a square fluid dropping from a platform. The results indicate that the developed method successfully captures the dynamics of high-viscous free-surface flows, demonstrating its potential for broader applications.
Naeem, M.*; Ma, Y.*; Tian, J.*; Kong, H.*; Romero-Resendiz, L.*; Fan, Z.*; Jiang, F.*; Gong, W.; Harjo, S.; Wu, Z.*; et al.
Materials Science & Engineering A, 924, p.147819_1 - 147819_10, 2025/02
被引用回数：7 パーセンタイル：87.47(Nanoscience & Nanotechnology)Face-centered cubic (fcc) medium-/high-entropy alloys (M/HEAs) typically enhance strength and ductility at cryogenic temperatures via stacking faults, twinning, or martensitic transformation. However, in-situ neutron diffraction on VCoNi MEA at 15 K reveals that strain hardening is driven solely by rapid dislocation accumulation, without these mechanisms. This results in increased yield strength, strain hardening, and fracture strain. The behavior, explained by the Orowan equation, challenges conventional views on cryogenic strengthening in fcc M/HEAs and highlights the role of dislocation-mediated plasticity at low temperatures.
Che, G.*; Fei, Y.*; Tang, X.*; Zhao, Z.*; 服部 高典; 阿部 淳*; Wang, X.*; Ju, J.*; Dong, X.*; Wang, Y.*; et al.
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 27(2), p.1112 - 1118, 2025/01
被引用回数：4 パーセンタイル：40.73(Chemistry, Physical)芳香族分子の圧力誘起重合(PIP)は、様々な炭素系材料を合成するための効果的な方法として浮上してきた。目的とする構造や機能を得るためには、適切な官能基化された分子前駆体の選択が極めて重要である。本研究では、1,4-ジフルオロベンゼン(1,4-DFB)をPIPの構成要素として選択した。1,4-DFBをその場高圧で調べた結果、約12.0GPaで相転移が起こり、18.7GPaで不可逆的な化学反応が起こることがわかった。生成物の構造解析と反応のカイネティクスから、直線的な成長を伴う擬六方晶積層フッ素ダイヤモンドナノスレッドの形成が明らかになった。高圧下のベンゼンの結晶構造と比較して、1,4-DFBは[001]軸に沿って高い圧縮を示す。この異方的な圧縮は、[01
]軸に沿ったより強いH
相互作用と、[100]軸と[010]軸に沿った潜在的な圧縮阻害H
F相互作用に起因し、[01]軸に沿った可能な反応経路を促進する。この研究は、分子スタッキングを調節し、反応経路に影響を与える官能基化の重要な役割を強調している。
Liu, P.-F.*; Li, X.*; Li, J.*; Zhu, J.*; Tong, Z.*; 古府 麻衣子*; 楡井 真実; Xu, J.*; Yin, W.*; Wang, F.*; et al.
National Science Review, 11(12), p.nwae216_1 - nwae216_10, 2024/12
被引用回数：26 パーセンタイル：92.34(Multidisciplinary Sciences)Crystalline solids exhibiting inherently low lattice thermal conductivity (
) are of great importance in applications such as thermoelectrics and thermal barrier coatings. However, cannot be arbitrarily low and is limited by the minimum thermal conductivity related to phonon dispersions. In this work, we report the liquid-like thermal transport in a well-ordered crystalline CsAg
Te
, which exhibits an extremely low value of 
0.18 Wm
K. On the basis of first-principles calculations and inelastic neutron scattering measurements, we find that there are lots of low-lying optical phonon modes at 3.1 meV hosting the avoided-crossing behavior with acoustic phonons. These strongly localized modes are accompanied by weakly bound rattling Ag atoms with thermally induced large amplitudes of vibrations. Using the two-channel model, we demonstrate that coupling of the particle-like phonon modes and the heat-carrying wave-like phonons is essential for understanding the low , which is heavily deviated from the 
temperature dependence of the standard Peierls theory. In addition, our analysis indicates that the soft structural framework with liquid-like motions of the fluctuating Ag atoms is the underlying cause that leads to the suppression of the heat conduction in CsAgTe. These factors synergistically account for the ultralow value. Our results demonstrate that the liquid-like heat transfer could indeed exist in a well-ordered crystal.
-
transitionsYang, Q.*; Yang, X.*; Wang, Y.*; Fei, Y.*; Li, F.*; Zheng, H.*; Li, K.*; Han, Y.*; 服部 高典; Zhu, P.*; et al.
Nature Communications (Internet), 15, p.7778_1 - 7778_9, 2024/09
被引用回数：43 パーセンタイル：95.50(Multidisciplinary Sciences)明るい一重項励起子と三重項励起子を同時に発現する発光材料は、オプトエレクトロニクス、サイネージ、情報暗号化において大きな可能性を秘めている。しかしながら、高性能の白色発光を実現するためには、蛍光と燐光の寄与が不均衡であることが大きな障害となっている。ここでは、水素結合の協同効果による圧力処理エンジニアリングによって、n--遷移の混合を実現し、イソフタル酸(IPA)中で三重項状態の発光を7%から40%に高めることで、この課題に対処した。加圧処理したIPAでは、蛍光と燐光のハイブリッドに基づく優れた白色発光が得られ、フォトルミネッセンス量子収率は当初の19%(青色発光)から75%に増加した。その場での高圧IRスペクトル、X線回折、中性子回折から、圧力の上昇に伴い水素結合が連続的に強化されることが明らかになった。さらに、この強化された水素結合は、圧力処理後も常圧条件下まで保持され、バランスの取れた一重項/三重項励起子集団のための効率的な系間交差を目的としたIPAに与え、効率的な白色発光をもたらした。この研究は、有機低分子の三重項状態を明るくするルートを提案するだけでなく、一重項励起子と三重項励起子の比率を調節して、高性能の白色発光を構築するものである。
Ying, H.*; Yang, X.*; He, H.*; Yan, A.*; An, K.*; Ke, Y.*; Wu, Z.*; Tang, S.*; Zhang, Z.*; Dong, H.*; et al.
Scripta Materialia, 250, p.116181_1 - 116181_7, 2024/09
被引用回数：13 パーセンタイル：82.00(Nanoscience & Nanotechnology)Nanoscale chemical fluctuations and their effect on the deformation behavior of CrFeCoNi-based high-entropy alloys (HEAs) were investigated using small-angle scattering and in situ neutron diffraction measurements. Small-angle scattering results demonstrated the presence of nano (
10 nm) chemical fluctuations in the as-prepared CrFeCoNiPd HEAs, which was attributed to the negative mixing of enthalpy and the significant atomic radius difference between Pd and the constituent elements in the CrFeCoNi-based alloys. Subsequent tensile tests demonstrated that the yield and tensile strengths of the as-prepared CrFeCoNiPd HEA surpass those of the as-prepared CrMnFeCoNi HEA. Neutron diffraction data analysis revealed an anomalous response of dislocation evolution with the strain.
Wang, S.*; Wang, J.*; Zhang, S.*; Wei, D.*; Chen, Y.*; Rong, X.*; Gong, W.; Harjo, S.; Liu, X.*; Jiao, Z.*; et al.
Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 185, p.245 - 258, 2024/06
被引用回数：28 パーセンタイル：96.22(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)Nanoprecipitates and nanoscale retained austenite (RA) with suitable stability play crucial roles in determining the yield strength (YS) and ductility of ultrahigh strength steels (UHSSs). However, owing to the kinetics incompatibility between nanoprecipitation and austenite reversion, it is highly challenging to simultaneously introduce high-density nanoprecipitates and optimized RA in UHSSs. In this work, through the combination of austenite reversion treatment (ART) and subsequent flash austenitizing (FA), nanoscale chemical heterogeneity was successfully introduced into a low-cost UHSS prior to the aging process. This chemical heterogeneity involved the enrichment of Mn and Ni in the austenite phase. The resulting UHSS exhibited dual-nanoprecipitation of Ni(Al,Mn) and (Mo,Cr)
C and nanoscale austenite stabilized via Mn and Ni enrichment. The hard martensitic matrix strengthened by high-density dual-nanoprecipitates constrains the plastic deformation of soft RA with a relatively low fraction, and the presence of relatively stable nanoscale RA with adequate Mn and Ni enrichment leads to a marginal loss in YS but keeps a persistent transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect. As a result, the newly-developed UHSS exhibits an ultrahigh YS of 1.7 GPa, an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1.8 GPa, a large uniform elongation (UE) of 8.5 percent, and a total elongation (TE) of 13 percent. The strategy of presetting chemical heterogeneity to introduce proper metastable phases before aging can be extended to other UHSSs and precipitation-hardened alloys.
Ma, Y.*; Naeem, M.*; Zhu, L.*; He, H.*; Sun, X.*; Yang, Z.*; He, F.*; Harjo, S.; 川崎 卓郎; Wang, X.-L.*
Acta Materialia, 270, p.119822_1 - 119822_13, 2024/05
被引用回数：21 パーセンタイル：93.43(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)We report an in situ neutron diffraction study of 316 L that reveals an extraordinary work-hardening rate (WHR) of 7 GPa at 15 K. Detailed analyses show that the major contribution to the excellent strength and ductility comes from the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect, introduced by the austenite-to-martensite (-to-') phase transition. A dramatic increase in the WHR is observed along with the transformation; the WHR declined when the austenite phase is exhausted. During plastic deformation, the volume-fraction weighted phase stress and stress contribution from the '-martensite increase significantly. The neutron diffraction data further suggest that the -to-' phase transformation was mediated by the 
-martensite, as evidenced by the concurrent decline of the phase with the phase.
水野 るり恵*; 新倉 潤*; 齋藤 岳志*; 松崎 禎市郎*; 櫻井 博儀*; Amato, A.*; 浅利 駿介*; Biswas, S.*; Chiu, I.-H.; Gianluca, J.*; et al.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 1060, p.169029_1 - 169029_14, 2024/03
被引用回数：3 パーセンタイル：42.66(Instruments & Instrumentation)We have developed a photon detection system for muonic X-ray spectroscopy. The detector system consists of high-purity germanium detectors with BGO Compton suppressors. The signals from the detectors are readout with a digital acquisition system. The absolute energy accuracy, energy and timing resolutions, photo-peak efficiency, the performance of the Compton suppressor, and high count rate durability are studied with standard -ray sources and in-beam experiment using 
Al(
)
Si resonance reaction. The detection system was demonstrated at Paul Scherrer Institute. A calibration method for a photon detector at a muon facility using muonic X-rays of 
Au and 
Bi is proposed.
