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Journal Articles

Impact of irradiation side on muon-induced single-event upsets in 65-nm Bulk SRAMs

Deng, Y.*; Watanabe, Yukinobu*; Manabe, Seiya*; Liao, W.*; Hashimoto, Masanori*; Abe, Shinichiro; Tampo, Motonobu*; Miyake, Yasuhiro*

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 71(4, Part 2), p.912 - 920, 2024/04

 Times Cited Count:0 Percentile:0.00(Engineering, Electrical & Electronic)

With the miniaturization of semiconductors and the decrease in operating voltage, there is a growing interest and discussion in whether the muons in cosmic rays may be the source of single event upsets (SEUs). In the case of neutron-induced SEUs, it was reported that the irradiation side has the impact on SEU cross sections. Here, to investigate the impact of irradiation direction on muon-induced SEUs, we have measured and simulate muon-induced SEUs in 65-nm bulk SRAMs with different muon irradiation directions. It was found that the peak SEU cross section for the package side irradiation is about twice large as that for the board side irradiation. We also revealed that the difference in observed SEU cross sections between the package side and the board side irradiation is caused by differences in energy straggling due to changes in penetration depth depending on the incident direction.

Journal Articles

Comparing DGSMC, FIER, and FISPACT simulations to experimental delayed gamma-ray spectra for nuclear safeguards development

Rodriguez, D.; Rossi, F.; Takahashi, Tone

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 71(3), p.255 - 268, 2024/03

 Times Cited Count:0 Percentile:0.00(Engineering, Electrical & Electronic)

Journal Articles

A Terrestrial SER Estimation Methodology Based on Simulation Coupled With One-Time Neutron Irradiation Testing

Abe, Shinichiro; Hashimoto, Masanori*; Liao, W.*; Kato, Takashi*; Asai, Hiroaki*; Shimbo, Kenichi*; Matsuyama, Hideya*; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Kobayashi, Kazutoshi*; Watanabe, Yukinobu*

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 70(8, Part 1), p.1652 - 1657, 2023/08

 Times Cited Count:2 Percentile:65.72(Engineering, Electrical & Electronic)

Single event upsets (SEUs) caused by neutrons is a reliability problem for microelectronic devices in the terrestrial environment. Acceleration tests using white neutron beam provide realistic soft error rates (SERs), but only a few facilities can provide white neutron beam in the world. If single-source irradiation applicable to diverse neutron source can be utilized for the evaluation of the SER in the terrestrial environment, it contributes to solve the shortage of beam time. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of the SER estimation in the terrestrial environment by any one of these measured data with the SEU cross sections obtained by PHITS simulation. It was found that the SERs estimated by our proposed method are within a factor of 2.7 of that estimated by the Weibull function. We also investigated the effect of simplification which reduce the computational cost in simulation to the SER estimation.

Journal Articles

Experimental study on the localization and estimation of radioactivity in concrete rubble using image reconstruction algorithms

Takai, Shizuka; Namekawa, Masakazu*; Shimada, Taro; Takeda, Seiji

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 69(7), p.1789 - 1798, 2022/07

 Times Cited Count:0 Percentile:0.00(Engineering, Electrical & Electronic)

To reduce a large amount of contaminated concrete rubble stored in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station site, recycling low-radioactivity rubble within the site is a possible remedy. To promote recycling while ensuring safety, not only the average radioactivity but also the radioactivity distribution of concrete rubble should be efficiently evaluated because the details of rubble contamination caused by the accident remain unclear and likely include hotspots. However, evaluating inhomogeneous contamination of thick and/or dense materials is difficult using previous measurement systems, such as clearance monitors. This study experimentally confirmed the potential applicability of image reconstruction algorithms for radioactivity distribution evaluation in concrete rubble filled in a chamber. Radiation was measured using plastic scintillation fiber around the chamber (50 $$times$$ 50 $$times$$ 40 cm$$^{3}$$). Localized hotspots were simulated using standard sources of $$^{137}$$Cs, which is one of the main nuclides of contaminated rubble. The radioactivity distribution was calculated for 100 or 50 voxels (voxel size: (10 cm)$$^{3}$$ or 10 $$times$$ 10 $$times$$ 20 cm$$^{3}$$) constituting the chamber. For 100 voxels, inner hotspots were undetected, whereas, for 50 voxels, both inner and surface hotspots were reconstructible. The distribution evaluated using the maximum likelihood expectation maximization algorithm was the most accurate; the average radioactivity was estimated within 70% accuracy in all seven cases.

Journal Articles

Development of next-generation timing system for the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex

Tamura, Fumihiko; Takahashi, Hiroki; Kamikubota, Norihiko*; Ito, Yuichi*; Hayashi, Naoki

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 68(8), p.2043 - 2050, 2021/08

 Times Cited Count:0 Percentile:0.00(Engineering, Electrical & Electronic)

A precise and stable timing system is necessary for high intensity proton accelerators such as the J-PARC. The existing timing system, which was developed during the construction period of the-PARC, has been working without major issues since 2006. After a decade of operation, the optical modules, which are key components for signal transfer, were discontinued already. Thus, the next-generation timing system for the J-PARC is under development. The new system is designed to be compatible with the existing system in terms of the operating principle. The new system utilizes modern high speed signal communication for the transfer of the clock, trigger, and type code. We present the system configuration of the next-generation timing system and current status.

Journal Articles

Characterizing energetic dependence of low-energy neutron-induced SEU and MCU and its influence on estimation of terrestrial SER in 65-nm Bulk SRAM

Liao, W.*; Ito, Kojiro*; Abe, Shinichiro; Mitsuyama, Yukio*; Hashimoto, Masanori*

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 68(6), p.1228 - 1234, 2021/06

 Times Cited Count:3 Percentile:37.09(Engineering, Electrical & Electronic)

Secondary cosmic-ray neutron-induced single event upset (SEU) is a cause of soft errors on micro electronic devices. Multiple cell upsets (MCUs) are particularly serious problems since it is difficult to recover MCUs. In this study, we have performed irradiation tests of neutrons on 65-nm bulk SRAM at the national metrology institute of Japan (NMIJ) in Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and measured SEU cross sections and MCU cross sections to investigate the effect on neutrons with the energies below 10 MeV on soft errors. It was found that SEU cross sections change drastically around 6 MeV. The proportion of MCU to total events does not change very much over the wide range of neutron energy. We also analyzed the total soft error rate (SER) of SEU and MCU by folding the neutron energy-dependent cross section and the flux spectra of the terrestrial neutron at New York and Tokyo. The calculated result indicates that the SER originating from the low-energy neutrons below 10 MeV is mostly negligible in the terrestrial environment.

Journal Articles

Development of a Gd$$_{2}$$Si$$_{2}$$O$$_{7}$$ (GPS) scintillator-based alpha imaging detector for rapid plutonium detection in high-radon environments

Morishita, Yuki; Izaki, Kenji; Kaneko, Junichi*; Yamamoto, Seiichi*; Higuchi, Mikio*; Torii, Tatsuo

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 67(10), p.2203 - 2208, 2020/10

 Times Cited Count:10 Percentile:73.46(Engineering, Electrical & Electronic)

We developed a Gd$$_{2}$$Si$$_{2}$$O$$_{7}$$ (GPS) scintillator-based alpha imaging detector and demonstrated its effectiveness by evaluating actual Pu particle and $$^{222}$$Rn progeny. The GPS scintillator plate was prepared by a sintering method. The outer dimensions of the GPS scintillator plate were 5 $$times$$ 5 cm, and the scintillator layer was approximately 50 $$mu$$m on a 3-mm-thick high-transparency glass. The plate was optically coupled to a position-sensitive photomultiplier tube with silicone grease. The developed imaging detector exhibited good uniformity. Pu particle activities were accurately evaluated at 14 different positions, and the difference in activity was within 6%. Radon-222 ($$^{222}$$Rn) progeny counts were reduced by 65.3% by applying an energy window. Although the Pu/$$^{222}$$Rn progeny activity ratio was 1/51, the Pu particle was successfully identified among $$^{222}$$Rn progeny within the 5 min-measurement time. The imaging detector has an excellent ability for detecting Pu among $$^{222}$$Rn progeny. Thus, this detector is useful for alpha contamination monitoring in high-radon-background environments.

Journal Articles

Measurement of single-event upsets in 65-nm SRAMs under irradiation of spallation neutrons at J-PARC MLF

Kuroda, Junya*; Manabe, Seiya*; Watanabe, Yukinobu*; Ito, Kojiro*; Liao, W.*; Hashimoto, Masanori*; Abe, Shinichiro; Harada, Masahide; Oikawa, Kenichi; Miyake, Yasuhiro*

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 67(7), p.1599 - 1605, 2020/07

 Times Cited Count:4 Percentile:39.72(Engineering, Electrical & Electronic)

Soft errors induced by terrestrial radiation in semiconductor devices have been of concern from the viewpoint of their reliability. Generally, to evaluate the soft error rates (SERs), neutron irradiation tests are performed at neutron facility. We have performed SER measurement for the 65-nm bulk SRAM and the FDSOI SRAM at RCNP in Osaka University and CYRIC in Tohoku University. In this study, we performed SER measurement for the same devices at BL10 in J-PARC MLF. The increasing rate of SER by reducing the supply voltage at J-PARC BL10 is larger than those obtained at RCNP and CYRIC. From PHITS simulation, the cause of this difference can be explained by the influence of the protons generated by neutron elastic scattering with hydrogen atoms in the package resin.

Journal Articles

Impact of the angle of incidence on negative muon-induced SEU cross sections of 65-nm Bulk and FDSOI SRAMs

Liao, W.*; Hashimoto, Masanori*; Manabe, Seiya*; Watanabe, Yukinobu*; Abe, Shinichiro; Tampo, Motonobu*; Takeshita, Soshi*; Miyake, Yasuhiro*

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 67(7), p.1566 - 1572, 2020/07

 Times Cited Count:1 Percentile:10.11(Engineering, Electrical & Electronic)

Muon-induced single event upset (SEU) is predicted to increase with technology scaling. The angle of incidence of terrestrial muons is not always perpendicular to the chip surface. Consequently, the impact of the angle of incidence of muons on SEUs should be evaluated. This study conducts negative muon irradiation tests on bulk SRAM and FDSOI SRAM at two angles of incidence: 0 degree (vertical) and 45 degree (tilted). The tilted incidence drifts the muon energy peak to a higher energy. Moreover, the SEU characteristics (i.e., such as the voltage dependences of the SEU cross sections and multiple cells upset patterns) between the vertical and tilted incidences are similar.

Journal Articles

Impact of irradiation side on neutron-induced single-event upsets in 65-nm Bulk SRAMs

Abe, Shinichiro; Liao, W.*; Manabe, Seiya*; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Hashimoto, Masanori*; Watanabe, Yukinobu*

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 66(7, Part 2), p.1374 - 1380, 2019/07

 Times Cited Count:9 Percentile:66.45(Engineering, Electrical & Electronic)

Single event upsets (SEUs) caused by secondary cosmic-ray neutrons have recognized as a serious reliability problem for microelectronic devices. Acceleration tests at neutron facilities are convenient to validate soft error rates (SERs) quickly, but some corrections caused from measurement conditions are required to derive realistic SERs at actual environment or to compare other measured data. In this study, the effect of irradiation side on neutron-induced SEU cross sections was investigated by performing neutron transport simulation using PHITS. SERs for 65-nm bulk CMOS SRAMs are estimated using the sensitive volume model. It was found from simulation that SERs for the sealant side irradiation are 30-50% larger than those for the board side irradiation. This difference comes from the difference of production yield and angular distribution of secondary H and He ions, which are the main cause of SEUs. Thus the direction of neutron irradiation should be reported when the result of acceleration tests are published. This result also indicates that SERs can be reduced by equipping device with sealant side facing downward.

Journal Articles

Estimation of muon-induced SEU rates for 65-nm bulk and UTBB-SOI SRAMs

Manabe, Seiya*; Watanabe, Yukinobu*; Liao, W.*; Hashimoto, Masanori*; Abe, Shinichiro

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 66(7), p.1398 - 1403, 2019/07

 Times Cited Count:9 Percentile:66.45(Engineering, Electrical & Electronic)

Cosmic ray-induced soft errors have been recognized as a major threat for electronics used at ground level. Recently, cosmic-ray muon-induced soft errors have received much attention due to the reduction of soft error immunity on SRAMs. In the previous studies, muon-induced soft error rates (SERs) for various technology devices were predicted with only the positive muon irradiation tests and simulation. In this paper, the muon-induced SEU rates for the 65-nm bulk and UTBB-SOI SRAMs are estimated by using the experimental data of both negative and positive muons. The experimental results showed that the negative muon SEU cross sections for the bulk SRAM are significantly larger than those for the UTBB-SOI. Estimation of muon-induced SEU rates at ground level was performed using PHITS with the experimental results. The muon-induced SER on the first floor of the building was estimated to be at most 10% of the neutron-induced SER on the same floor.

Journal Articles

Similarity analysis on neutron- and negative muon-induced MCUs in 65-nm bulk SRAM

Liao, W.*; Hashimoto, Masanori*; Manabe, Seiya*; Abe, Shinichiro; Watanabe, Yukinobu*

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 66(7), p.1390 - 1397, 2019/07

 Times Cited Count:13 Percentile:79.07(Engineering, Electrical & Electronic)

Multiple-cell upset (MCU) in static random access memory (SRAM) is a major concern in radiation effects on microelectronic devices since it can spoil error correcting codes. Neutron-induced MCUs have been characterized for terrestrial environment. On the other hand, negative muon-induced MCUs were recently reported. Neutron- and negative muon-induced MCUs are both caused by secondary ions, and hence, they are expected to have some similarity. In this paper, we compare negative muon- and neutron-induced MCUs in 65-nm bulk SRAMs at the irradiation experiments using spallation and quasi-monoenergetic neutrons and monoenergetic negative muons. The measurement results show that the dependencies of MCU event cross section on operating voltage are almost identical. The Monte Carlo simulation is conducted to investigate the deposited charge. The distributions of deposited charge obtained by the simulation are consistent with the above-mentioned experimental observations.

Journal Articles

Development of next-generation LLRF control system for J-PARC rapid cycling synchrotron

Tamura, Fumihiko; Sugiyama, Yasuyuki*; Yoshii, Masahito*; Ryoshi, Masatsugu*

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 66(7), p.1242 - 1248, 2019/07

 Times Cited Count:6 Percentile:51.34(Engineering, Electrical & Electronic)

The LLRF control system for the rapid cycling synchrotron of the J-PARC started its operation in 2007. The key functions of the LLRF control system are the dual harmonic auto voltage control and the multiharmonic rf feedforward to compensate the beam loading in the MA cavity caused by high intensity beams. The system has been working well without major problems for more than ten years. However, the old FPGAs are discontinued and not supported by the current development environment. It will be difficult to maintain the system in near future. Thus, we are planning to replace the existing VME-based LLRF control system with a new MicroTCA.4 based system. In this presentation, we present the configuration of the system under development, the implemented functions, and preliminary test results.

Journal Articles

Development of a radiological characterization submersible ROV for use at Fukushima Daiichi

Nancekievill, M.*; Jones, A. R.*; Joyce, M. J.*; Lennox, B.*; Watson, S.*; Katakura, Junichi*; Okumura, Keisuke; Kamada, So*; Kato, Michio*; Nishimura, Kazuya*

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 65(9), p.2565 - 2572, 2018/09

 Times Cited Count:27 Percentile:93.27(Engineering, Electrical & Electronic)

In order to contribute to the development of technology to search fuel debris submerged in water inside the primary containment vessel of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, we are developing a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) system equipped with a compact radiation detector and sonar. A cerium bromide (CeBr$$_{3}$$) scintillator detector for dose rate monitoring and $$gamma$$ ray spectroscopy was integrated into ROV and experimentally validated with a $$^{137}$$Cs source, both in the conditions of laboratory and submerged. In addition, the ROV combined with the IMAGENEX 831L sonar could characterize the shape and size of a simulated fuel debris at the bottom of the water pool facility.

Journal Articles

Measurement and mechanism investigation of negative and positive muon-induced upsets in 65-nm Bulk SRAMs

Liao, W.*; Hashimoto, Masanori*; Manabe, Seiya*; Watanabe, Yukinobu*; Abe, Shinichiro; Nakano, Keita*; Sato, Hikaru*; Kin, Tadahiro*; Hamada, Koji*; Tampo, Motonobu*; et al.

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 65(8), p.1734 - 1741, 2018/08

 Times Cited Count:17 Percentile:84.04(Engineering, Electrical & Electronic)

Soft error induced by secondary cosmic-ray muon is concerned since susceptibility of semiconductor device to soft error increases with the scaling of technology. In this study, we have performed irradiation tests of muons on 65-nm bulk CMOS SRAM in the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) and measured soft error rate (SER) to investigate mechanism of muon-induced soft errors. It was found that SER by negative muon increases above 0.5 V supply voltage, although SER by positive muon increases monotonically as the supply voltage lowers. SER by negative muon also increases with forward body bias. In addition, negative muon causes large multiple cell upset (MCU) of more than 20 bits and the ratio of MCU events to all the events is 66% at 1.2V supply voltage. These tendencies indicate that parasitic bipolar action (PBA) is highly possible to contribute to SER by negative muon. Experimental data are analyzed by PHITS. It was found that negative muon can deposit larger charge than positive muon, and such events that can deposit large charge may trigger PBA.

Journal Articles

Negative and positive muon-induced single event upsets in 65-nm UTBB SOI SRAMs

Manabe, Seiya*; Watanabe, Yukinobu*; Liao, W.*; Hashimoto, Masanori*; Nakano, Keita*; Sato, Hikaru*; Kin, Tadahiro*; Abe, Shinichiro; Hamada, Koji*; Tampo, Motonobu*; et al.

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 65(8), p.1742 - 1749, 2018/08

 Times Cited Count:11 Percentile:71.13(Engineering, Electrical & Electronic)

Recently, the malfunction of microelectronics caused by secondary cosmic-ray muon is concerned as semiconductor devices become sensitive to radiation. In this study, we have performed muon irradiation testing for 65-nm ultra-thin body and thin buried oxide (UTBB-SOI) SRAMs in the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC), in order to investigate dependencies of single event upset (SEU) cross section on incident muon momentum and supply voltage. It was found that the SEU cross section by negative muon are approximately two to four times larger than those by positive muon in the momentum range from 35 MeV/c to 39 MeV/c. The supply voltage dependence of muon-induced SEU cross section was measured with the momentum of 38 MeV/c. SEU cross sections decrease with increasing supply voltage, but the decreasing of SEU cross section by negative muon is gentler than that by positive muon. Experimental data of positive and negative muon irradiation with the momentum of 38 MeV/c were analyzed by PHITS. It was clarified that the negative muon capture causes the difference between the SEU cross section by negative muon and that by positive muon.

Journal Articles

Development of radiation-resistant in-water wireless transmission system using light emitting diodes and photo diodes

Takeuchi, Tomoaki; Shibata, Hiroshi; Otsuka, Noriaki; Uehara, Toshiaki; Tsuchiya, Kunihiko; Shibagaki, Taro*; Komanome, Hirohisa*

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 63(5), p.2698 - 2702, 2016/10

 Times Cited Count:3 Percentile:26.87(Engineering, Electrical & Electronic)

In response to the lesson of the accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant, we started a development of a radiation-resistant in-water wireless transmission system. In this study, capability of light emitting diodes (LED) and photo diodes (PD) as light emitting and receiving devices was researched. Results of irradiation tests of LEDs and PDs up to 1 MGy indicated a main cause of the degradation of the optical performances of the diodes was not the radiation damage at the semiconductor parts but the coloring of the resin parts. Assuming that the use of the candidate LED and PD, the PD's output current generated by the emission light of the LED at five meters away in water was estimated to be detectable intensity even considering the effects of the absorption of the light by water and the increased dark current by 1 MGy irradiation. Therefore, a radiation resistant in-water transmission system can be constructed using LEDs and PDs in principle.

Journal Articles

Investigation of single-event damages on silicon carbide (SiC) power MOSFETs

Mizuta, Eiichi*; Kuboyama, Satoshi*; Abe, Hiroshi; Iwata, Yoshiyuki*; Tamura, Takashi*

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 61(4), p.1924 - 1928, 2014/08

 Times Cited Count:102 Percentile:99.23(Engineering, Electrical & Electronic)

Journal Articles

Enhanced charge collection by single ion strike in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

Onoda, Shinobu; Hasuike, Atsushi*; Nabeshima, Yoshiaki*; Sasaki, Hajime*; Yajima, Kotaro*; Sato, Shinichiro; Oshima, Takeshi

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 60(6), p.4446 - 4450, 2013/12

 Times Cited Count:50 Percentile:96.21(Engineering, Electrical & Electronic)

no abstracts in English

Journal Articles

Heavy-ion induced anomalous charge collection from 4H-SiC Schottky barrier diodes

Makino, Takahiro; Deki, Manato; Iwamoto, Naoya; Onoda, Shinobu; Hoshino, Norihiro*; Tsuchida, Hidekazu*; Hirao, Toshio*; Oshima, Takeshi

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, 60(4), p.2647 - 2650, 2013/08

 Times Cited Count:18 Percentile:78.45(Engineering, Electrical & Electronic)

Heavy ion induced anomalous charge collection was observed from 4H-SiC Schottky barrier diodes. It is suggested that the incident ion range with suspect to the thickness of the epi-layer of the SBD in key to understanding these observation and the understanding mechanism.

99 (Records 1-20 displayed on this page)