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Sato, Tetsuya
Kagaku To Kogyo, 72(10), P. 867, 2019/10
We conducted measurements of the first ionization potential (IP
) of the heavy actinide elements, lawrencium (Lr, 
), nobelium (No, 
), mendelevium (Md, 
) and fermium (Fm, 
) by using a novel method based on a surface ionization process. The IP measurements have been performed using the ISOL (Isotope Separator On-Line) system equipped with a surface ion-source with short-lived heavy actinide isotopes, 
Lr (
= 27s), 
No ( = 24.5s), 
Md ( = 4.27 min), and 
Fm ( = 2.6 min). Our experimental results clearly showed that the IP of Lr is distinctly low among actinide elements. Moreover, No has the highest IP among them due to its full-filled 5f and 7s orbitals; the IP value increased with an atomic number up to No and decreased dramatically at Lr, indicating the similar trend with that of heavy lanthanide elements. Therefore, we concluded Lr would be the last member of the actinide series.
Sato, Tetsuya; Asai, Masato; Borschevsky, A.*; Stora, T.*; Sato, Nozomi*; Kaneya, Yusuke; Tsukada, Kazuaki; D
llmann, C. E.*; Eberhardt, K.*; Eliav, E.*; et al.
EPJ Web of Conferences, 131, p.05001_1 - 05001_6, 2016/12
Times Cited Count：0 Percentile：0.00(Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear)Ionization efficiency in a surface ionization process depends on the first ionization potential of the atom. Based on the dependence, the ionization potential of the atom can be determined. We measured ionization efficiencies of fermium, einsteinium, mendelevium, and lawrencium by using a newly developed gas-jet coupled surface ion-source. The ionization potential of the elements have not been determined so far due to their low production rates and/or their short half-lives. Based on a relationship between the ionization efficiency and the ionization potential obtained via measurements of short-lived lanthanide isotopes, the ionization potentials of these actinide elements have been successfully determined.
Sato, Tetsuya
Genshikaku Kenkyu, 61(1), p.96 - 106, 2016/09
We successfully determined the first ionization potential of lawrencium (Lr, Z=103). The result experimentally substantiated for the first time that Lr is the last member of the actinide series. Measured ionization potential suggested that Lr atom would have the electronic configuration which is different from the configuration expected based on the Periodic table. For the measurement, we have developed a novel method applied the surface ionization process. Public responses after the publication are also introduced.
Sato, Tetsuya
Kagaku, 71(3), p.12 - 16, 2016/03
We successfully confirmed that lawrencium, element 103, would be the last member of actinide series by a measurement of the first ionization potential of lawrencium. Moreover, the electronic configuration expected from the experimental results suggested that lawrencium could have the outermost electronic orbital similar to that of group-13 elements. Our result triggered discussion concerning the position of lawrencium and lutetium on the periodic table of the elements.
Nagame, Yuichiro
Nature Chemistry, 8(3), P. 282, 2016/03
We summarize the studies of element 103, lawrencium: discovery or synthesis in nuclear reactions, historical argument for recognition as a new element, nuclear and chemical studies of lawrencium isotopes, and recently measured ionization energy. Based on the studies so far performed, we introduce a debate that has emerged over the place in the periodic table.
Sato, Tetsuya
Isotope News, (740), p.16 - 19, 2015/12
We successfully determined the first ionization potential of lawrencium (Lr, Z=103). The result experimentally substantiated for the first time that Lr is the last member of the actinide series. Measured ionization potential suggested that Lr atom would have the electronic configuration which is different from the configuration expected based on the Periodic table.
Sato, Tetsuya
Nihon Genshiryoku Gakkai-Shi ATOMO
, 57(11), p.741 - 744, 2015/11
We have experimentally confirmed that Lr would be the last member of actinides series for the first time by a measurement of the first ionization potential of lawrencium (Lr, element 103). The electronic orbital of Lr atom which is estimated by the result suggests that Lr could have the outermost electronic orbital similar with group-13 elements. This work triggered a discussion concerning positions of Lr and lutetium, lanthanide homologue of Lr.
Sato, Tetsuya
Hosha Kagaku, (32), p.34 - 41, 2015/09
In the surface ionization process, an ionization efficiency depends on the first ionization potential of the atom of the element. The ionization potential can be estimated by using the relationship. This method has been developed in order to determine the first ionization potential of lawrencium (Lr, element 103). The value of the ionization potential of Lr have not been measured experimentally due to its low production rate and short half-life. The surface-ionization method is described in detail in this paper.
Sato, Tetsuya; Nagame, Yuichiro; Tsukada, Kazuaki
Kagaku To Kogyo, 68(9), p.824 - 826, 2015/09
We successfully confirmed that lawrencium (Lr, element 103) is the last member of actinide series by a measurement of its first ionization potential. Obtained experimental result suggested that the outermost electronic orbital of Lr atom would have p-orbital similar to elements of group-13. Our result triggered again the discussion of the position of Lr and lutetium, the lanthanide homologue of Lr, on the Periodic Table.
Sato, Tetsuya
Saiensu Potaru (Internet), 3 Pages, 2015/07
On April 9th, a press release titled "Measurement of the first ionization potential of lawrencium (element 103) - Unravelling Relativistic Effects in the Heaviest Actinide Element -" was issued. This research result published from Nature was not only introduced in its "News & Views" but also appeared on the cover. I made a commentary on the result and introduced its response for public.
Sato, Tetsuya; Asai, Masato; Borschevsky, A.*; Stora, T.*; Sato, Nozomi; Kaneya, Yusuke; Tsukada, Kazuaki; Dllmann, Ch. E.*; Eberhardt, K.*; Eliav, E.*; et al.
Nature, 520(7546), p.209 - 211, 2015/04
Times Cited Count：112 Percentile：97.06(Multidisciplinary Sciences)Ionization efficiency in a surface ionization process depends on the first ionization potential of the atom. Based on the dependence, the ionization potential of the atom can be determined. We successfully measured ionization efficiencies of lawrencium (Lr, 
=103) using a gas-jet coupled surface ion-source. The ionization potential of Lr has not been determined owing to its low production rate and its short half-life. Based on a relationship between the ionization efficiency and the ionization potential obtained via measurements of short-lived lanthanide isotopes, the ionization potential of Lr was determined.
Sato, Tetsuya
no journal, ,
We measured the first ionization energy (IE) of nobelium (No, Z = 102) and lawrencium (Lr, Z =103) by exploiting the dependence of the ionization efficiency (
) on the IE in a surface ionization process. The isotopes No ( = 24.5s) and Lr ( = 27 s), produced in the reaction 
Cm (
C, 4n) and Cf (
B, 4n), respectively, were used for studying their ionization. The reaction products recoiling from the targets were transported to a surface ion-source by a He/CdI
gas-jet transport system. The products ionized in the ion-source were mass-separated with JAEA-ISOL. The number of ions collected at the end of the ISOL was determined by 
-particle measurements and was used to evaluate values. With the present system, we successfully ionized and mass-separated No and Lr with efficiencies of (0.5 
0.1)% and (36 7)% at 2800 K, respectively. From these values, IE values of No and Lr were determined based on the relationship between and IE. Our values are in good agreement with the predicted ones by theoretical calculations.
Sato, Tetsuya; Stora, T.*; Asai, Masato; Borschevsky, A.*; Kaneya, Yusuke; Tsukada, Kazuaki; Dllmann, Ch. E.*; Eliav, E.*; Kaldor, U.*; Kratz, J. V.*; et al.
no journal, ,
It is known that an ionization efficiency of an element in surface ionization process depends on temperature, work function of the surface, and the first ionization energy of the atom of the element to be ionized. We determined the first ionization energy of lawrencium (Lr), the last member of the actinide series, using the relationship between the ionization efficiency and the ionization energy. The ionization energy of Lr had not been measured owing to its low production rate and short half-lives so far. The experimental value of the ionization energy is in good agreement of the theoretical one which was calculated using the state-of-the-art relativistic calculation.
Sato, Tetsuya
no journal, ,
The first ionization potential (IP) of element 103, lawrencium (Lr), has been successfully determined for the first time by using a newly developed method based on a surface ionization process. The measured IP value is 4.96 0.08 eV. This value is the smallest among those of actinide elements and is in excellent agreement with the value of 4.963(15) eV predicted by state-of-the-art relativistic calculations also performed in this work. Our results strongly support that the Lr atom has an electronic configuration of [Rn]
, which is influenced by strong relativistic effects. The present work opens the way for studies on atomic properties of heavy elements with atomic number 
. Moreover, the present achievement has triggered a controversy on the position of lutetium (Lu) and Lr in the Periodic Table of Elements.
Tomitsuka, Tomohiro; Tokoi, Katsuyuki*; Sato, Tetsuya; Asai, Masato; Tsukada, Kazuaki; Toyoshima, Atsushi; Chiera, N. M.; Kamada, Hiroki; Nagame, Yuichiro; Goto, Shinichi*
no journal, ,
no abstracts in English
Sato, Tetsuya
no journal, ,
In order to clarify the properties of heavy actinide elements, we focused on the first ionization potential (IP
), which is a physical quantity that directly reflects the binding energy of the outermost electron. To obtain information about the electron configuration of heavy actinide elements including element 103, lowrencium (Lr), the IP of fermium (Fm), mendelevium (Md), nobelium (No) and Lr were determined experimentally by using a novel method we have developed based on the surface ionization. From the results, it was clarified that No would have the quasi-closed shell structure [Rn]7s
5f
and Lr would have one loosely-bound electron in the outermost electron orbital. We showed for the first time that the actinide series ends at Lr experimentally.
Sato, Tetsuya
no journal, ,
The chemical and atomic properties of the heavy elements with atomic numbers Z 
100, affected by strong relativistic effects, are studied at an-atom-at-a-time scale using the JAEA-ISOL. We successfully determined the first ionization potential (IP) values of heavy actinide elements from fermium (Fm, Z = 100) to lawrencium (Lr, Z = 103) by using a surface ion-source installed in the Isotope Separator On-Line (ISOL) at the JAEA tandem accelerator facility. The adsorption behavior of Lr is being studied by a newly developed method combining vacuum chromatography with surface ionization in a metallic column/ionizer of the ISOL as well.
Sato, Tetsuya; Nagame, Yuichiro*; Eichler, R.*
no journal, ,
Element 103, lawrencium (Lr) has been pointed out that it might have significantly high volatility more than that of lutetium (Lu), the lanthanide homolog of Lr, owing to an influence of the strong relativistic effect. In our previous work, we have measured the first ionization potential of Lr by using the surface ionization method. In the method, the Lr atom was surface ionized on a tantalum surface at a high temperature. If the surface temperature is sufficiently high, the ionization efficiency of Lr can be estimated by the Saha-Langmuir (S-L) equation. However, an adsorption loss of the atoms of interest onto the metal surface could be inevitable at a low temperature. In that case, the apparent ionization efficiency would become smaller than the value predicted from the S-L equation. We have developed a Monte Carlo simulation code to estimate the adsorption loss of atoms on the ion-source surface in this work. The simulation code describes the ionization behavior of the atoms by combining the thermal ionization process in the ionizer and the adsorption-desorption process on the surface.
Sato, Tetsuya; Kaneya, Yusuke*; Asai, Masato; Tsukada, Kazuaki; Toyoshima, Atsushi; Mitsukai, Akina*; Osa, Akihiko; Makii, Hiroyuki; Hirose, Kentaro; Nagame, Yuichiro; et al.
no journal, ,
Our experimental results on the first ionization potential measurement of lawrencium (Lr, element 103) have strongly suggested that the Lr atom has a [Rn] configuration as a result of the influence of strong relativistic effects. The configuration is different from that expected from the lanthanide homologue, lutetium (Lu). According to a semi-empirical consideration, it is expected that the change of the electronic configuration leads higher volatility of Lr than that of Lu. In this work, adsorption behaviors of Lr and various short-lived rare earth isotopes on a tantalum surface were investigated via observation of their surface ionization efficiencies. It was found that Lr would behave like low volatile rare earth elements such as Lu contrary to the semi-empirical expectation.
Tomitsuka, Tomohiro; Kaneya, Yusuke*; Sato, Tetsuya; Asai, Masato; Tsukada, Kazuaki; Toyoshima, Atsushi; Mitsukai, Akina; Osa, Akihiko; Nishio, Katsuhisa; Nagame, Yuichiro; et al.
no journal, ,
In order to investigate the adsorption behavior of Lawrencium (Lr, Z = 103) on a Tantalum (Ta) surface, we measured ionization efficiencies of Lr under several temperature conditions of the surface ionization. We observed ionization efficiencies of Lr which were lower than those calculated by the Saha-Langmuir equation in lower temperature region. Based on a temperature dependence of the obtained ionization efficiencies, we discuss the adsorption behavior of Lr on the Ta surface.
