Which radionuclides contribute most to seafood ingestion dose?

Johansen, M. P.*; Gwynn, J. P.*; Carpenter, J. G.*; Charmasson, S.*; 森 愛理; Orr, B.*; Simon-Cornu, M.*; Osvath, I.*; McGinnity, P.*

Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 287, p.107706_1 - 107706_8, 2025/07

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2025.107706

Radiological ingestion doses from eating seafood are regularly evaluated near coastal nuclear facilities, following accidents/events and frequently in national studies worldwide. However, a recent global review found that published seafood doses varied greatly depending on which radionuclides were selected for evaluation and that there has been a tendency to omit important radionuclides or focus on less significant ones. This indicates a need for clear guidance on which radionuclides to prioritise in such studies. Here, we use worldwide data for 16 key radionuclides contributing to typical background seafood ingestion dose. We account for the loss of radionuclides during cooking and the radioactive decay of the short-lived Po. Results indicate that for the typical world consumer, naturally-occurring radionuclides account for 99% of the total seafood ingestion dose, of which about 84% comes from Po and 8% from Pb. About 5% comes from Ra, a far greater proportion than the more frequently-assessed Ra (1%). Other Th- and U-series radionuclides provide far lower contributions (0.07%-0.70%), while C provides about 0.09%. In comparison, the contribution to total seafood ingestion dose from background anthropogenic radionuclides is 1%, with Cs contributing most (0.08%) and Sr, Tc, Ag and Pu adding a further 0.05% together. These percentage contributions to dose can vary somewhat depending on consumption patterns (e.g., differing proportions of fish, bivalves, etc.). However, Po is the dominant contributor irrespective of country-specific diets or restricted diet scenarios (fish-only, seaweed-only, etc.). Study results provide new guidance to improve the design, interpretation and communication of seafood ingestion dose assessments.