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Journal Articles

Effect of Ta rich inclusions and microstructure change during precracking on bimodal fracture of reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steels observed in transition range

Tanigawa, Hiroyasu; Sokolov, M. A.*; Sawahata, Atsushi*; Hashimoto, Naoyuki*; Ando, Masami; Shiba, Kiyoyuki; Enomoto, Masato*; Klueh, R. L.*

Journal of ASTM International (Internet), 6(5), 10 Pages, 2009/05

The master curve (MC) method works when the transition fracture toughness values follow the MC, and once the value is scaled properly, the MC is usually independent of the type of steel or the type of test specimen. This method is very much depending on the assumption that the fracture initiation points are homogeneously distributed and its initiation mechanism is independent on test temperature. The reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steels (RAFs), such as F82H (Fe-8Cr-2W-0.2V-0.04Ta), has Al$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$ Ta(V,Ti)O composite inclusions, or simple Ta(V)O inclusions, and shows inhomogeneous distribution, and it was revealed that that RAFs which contain Ta could initiate the facture in the different mechanism at lower temperature as the composite inclusions become fragile, and this should be considered when the toughness measured with small size toughness specimen which is usually tested at lower temperature.

Journal Articles

Hardening mechanisms of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels irradiated at 300 $$^{circ}$$C

Tanigawa, Hiroyasu; Klueh, R. L.*; Hashimoto, Naoyuki*; Sokolov, M. A.*

Journal of Nuclear Materials, 386-388, p.231 - 235, 2009/04

 Times Cited Count:28 Percentile:88.04(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)

It has been reported that reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steels (RAFMs) showed a variety of changes in ductile-brittle transition temperature and yield stress after irradiation at 573 K up to 5 dpa, and those differences could not be interpreted solely by the difference of dislocation microstructure induced by irradiation. To investigate the impact of other microstructural feature, i.e. precipitates, the precipitation behavior of F82H, ORNL 9Cr-2WVTa, and JLF-1 was examined. It was revealed that irradiation-induced precipitation and amorphization of precipitates partly occurred and caused the different precipitation on block, packet and prior austenitic grain boundaries. In addition to these phenomena, irradiation-induced nano-size precipitates were also observed in the matrix. It was also revealed that the chemical compositions of precipitates approached the calculated thermal equilibrium state of M$$_{23}$$C$$_{6}$$ at an irradiation temperature of 573 K. Over all, these observations suggests that the variety of embrittlement and hardening of RAFMs observed at 573 K irradiation up to 5 dpa might be the consequence of the transition phenomena that occur as the microstructure approaches thermal equilibrium during irradiation at 573 K.

Journal Articles

Technical issues of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels for fabrication of ITER test blanket modules

Tanigawa, Hiroyasu; Hirose, Takanori; Shiba, Kiyoyuki; Kasada, Ryuta*; Wakai, Eiichi; Serizawa, Hisashi*; Kawahito, Yosuke*; Jitsukawa, Shiro; Kimura, Akihiko*; Kono, Yutaka*; et al.

Fusion Engineering and Design, 83(10-12), p.1471 - 1476, 2008/12

 Times Cited Count:78 Percentile:97.75(Nuclear Science & Technology)

Reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels (RAFMs) are recognized as the primary candidate structural materials for fusion blanket systems. F82H, which were developed and studied in Japan, was designed with an emphasis on high temperature properties and weldability. The database on F82H properties is currently the most extensive available among the existing RAFMs. The objective of this paper is to review the R&D status of F82H and to identify the key technical issues for the fabrication of an ITER Test Blanket Module (TBM) suggested by recent achievements in Japan.

Journal Articles

Irradiation effects on precipitation and its impact on the mechanical properties of reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steels

Tanigawa, Hiroyasu; Sakasegawa, Hideo; Hashimoto, Naoyuki*; Klueh, R. L.*; Ando, Masami; Sokolov, M. A.*

Journal of Nuclear Materials, 367-370(1), p.42 - 47, 2007/08

 Times Cited Count:26 Percentile:84.21(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)

It was previously reported that reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steels (RAFs), such as F82H-IEA and its heat treatment variant, ORNL9Cr-2WVTa, JLF-1 and 2%Ni-doped F82H, showed a variety of changes in ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) and yield stress after irradiation at 573K up to 5dpa. These differences could not be interpreted solely as an effect of irradiation hardening caused by dislocation loop formation. To address these observations, the precipitation behavior of the irradiated steels was examined by weight analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis and chemical analysis on extraction residues. The results suggested that irradiation affects precipitation as if it was forced to reach the thermal equilibrium state at irradiation temperature 573K, which usually never be achieved by aging. The details of precipitates in the irradiated RAFs were examined to determine their impact on the mechanical properties, which obtained by tensile, Charpy impact, and bend bar toughness tests. Transmission electron microscopy was performed on thin films and extraction replica specimens to analyze the size distribution, chemical composition and crystal structure of precipitates. It turned out that the hardening level normalized by square root of average packet size showed a linear dependence on the increase of extracted precipitate weight. This dependence suggests that the difference in irradiation hardening between RAFs was caused by the different precipitation behavior on packet, block and prior austenitic grain boundaries during irradiation. The simple Hall-Petch law could be applicable to interpret this dependence. Detailed analytical results will be presented and their interpretation discussed.

Journal Articles

Status of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel development

Baluc, N.*; Gelles, D. S.*; Kimura, Akihiko*; Jitsukawa, Shiro; Klueh, R. L.*; Odette, G. R.*; Van der Schaaf, B.*; Jinnan, Y.*

Journal of Nuclear Materials, 367-370(1), p.33 - 41, 2007/08

 Times Cited Count:202 Percentile:99.78(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)

Recent research results obtained in Europe, Japan, China and the USA on reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels are reviewed. The present status of different RAFM steel products (plate, powder HIPped steel, many types of fusion and diffusion welds, unirradiated and irradiated states) is sufficient to present a strong case for the use of the steels in ITER test blanket modules. For application in DEMO, more research is needed, including the use of the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) in order to quantify the effects of large amounts of transmutation products, such as helium and hydrogen.

Journal Articles

Effects of inclusions on fracture toughness of reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic F82H-IEA steels

Tanigawa, Hiroyasu; Sawahata, Atsushi; Sokolov, M. A.*; Enomoto, Masato*; Klueh, R. L.*; Koyama, Akira*

Materials Transactions, 48(3), p.570 - 573, 2007/03

 Times Cited Count:22 Percentile:72.07(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)

The effects of microstructural inhomogeneity of F82H-IEA was investigated focusing on inclusion. It turned out that Ta does not form MX precipitates, but it forms complex Al$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$;Ta(V,Ti)O inclusions, or simple Ta(V)O inclusions. The complex inclusions are rather dominant in the plate obtained from the bottom of the ingot, but not in the plate from the middle of the ingot. SEM observations also revealed that broken complex inclusions tended to be observed at the crack-initiation site. These results suggest that the scatter of toughness values is correlated with this microstructural inhomogeneity, as the MC method assumes the material has a homogeneous microstructure.

Journal Articles

Irradiation effects on precipitation in reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steels

Tanigawa, Hiroyasu; Sakasegawa, Hideo*; Klueh, R. L.*

Materials Transactions, 46(3), p.469 - 474, 2005/03

 Times Cited Count:19 Percentile:73.96(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)

The effects of irradiation on precipitation of reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steels (RAFs) were investigated, and its impacts on the Charpy impact properties and tensile properties were discussed. It was previously reported that RAFs (F82H-IEA and its heat treatment variant, ORNL9Cr-2WVTa, JLF-1 and 2%Ni doped F82H) shows variety of changes on its ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) and yield stress after irradiation at 573K up to 5dpa. These differences could not be interpreted as an effect of irradiation hardening caused by dislocation loop formation. The precipitation behavior of the irradiated steels was examined by weight analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis and chemical analysis on extraction residues. These analyses suggested that irradiation caused (1) the increase of the amount of precipitates (mainly M$$_{23}$$C$$_{6}$$), (2) increase of Cr and decrease of W contained in precipitates, (3) disappearance of MX (TaC) in ORNL9Cr and JLF-1.

Journal Articles

Microstructure property analysis of HFIR-irradiated reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steels

Tanigawa, Hiroyasu; Hashimoto, Naoyuki*; Sakasegawa, Hideo*; Klueh, R. L.*; Sokolov, M. A.*; Shiba, Kiyoyuki; Jitsukawa, Shiro; Koyama, Akira*

Journal of Nuclear Materials, 329-333(1), p.283 - 288, 2004/08

 Times Cited Count:18 Percentile:75.31(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)

Reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steels (RAFs) were developed as candidate structural materials for fusion power plants. In a previous study, it was reported that ORNL9Cr-2WVTa and JLF-1 (Fe-9Cr-2W-V-Ta-N) steels showed smaller ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) shifts compared to IEA modified F82H (Fe-8Cr-2W-V-Ta) after neutron irradiation up to 5 dpa at 573K. This difference in DBTT shift could not be interpreted as an effect of irradiation hardening, and it is also hard to be convinced that this difference was simply due to a Cr concentration difference. To clarify the mechanisms of the difference in Charpy impact property between these steels, various microstructure analyses were performed.

Journal Articles

Analysis of Ta-rich MX precipitates in RAFs

Tanigawa, Hiroyasu; Sakasegawa, Hideo*; Hashimoto, Naoyuki*; Zinkle, S. J.*; Klueh, R. L.*; Koyama, Akira*

Fusion Materials Semiannual Progress Report for the Period Ending (DOE/ER-0313/35), p.33 - 36, 2004/04

Extraction replica samples were prepared from F82H-IEA, F82H HT2, JLF-1 and ORNL9Cr to analyze the precipitate distribution. The samples were examined to obtain precipitate size distribution with TEM and to analyze chemical composition distribution with SEM. Back-scattered electron imaging was found to be the effective way to separate Ta-rich precipitate from other precipitates. Results showed that most of the precipitates were M23C6, and the shape is a round ellipsoid in F82H-IEA and HT2, but was a long ellipsoid in JFL-1 and ORNL9Cr. It was also found that MX precipitates were few and large and contain Ti in F82H-IEA and HT2, but a lot of fine MX precipitates without Ti were observed in JLF-1 and ORNL9Cr.

Journal Articles

Analysis of extraction residue of HFIR 11J-irradiated RAFs

Tanigawa, Hiroyasu; Sakasegawa, Hideo*; Zinkle, S. J.*; Klueh, R. L.*; Koyama, Akira*

Fusion Materials Semiannual Progress Report for the Period Ending (DOE/ER-0313/35), p.30 - 32, 2004/04

Extraction residue was made from several HFIR 11J-irradiated RAFs, and the mass change was measured to investigate the irradiation-enhanced change in precipitation. Two different types of filter with coarse and fine pores were used in order to separate the difference of irradiation effects between larger and smaller precipitates. Unirradiated specimens were examined as well. Results suggest that during irradiation the mass of larger precipitates increased in F82H-IEA, Ni-doped F82H, JLF-1 and ORNL9Cr, fine precipitates disappeared in JLF-1, and fine precipitates increased in Ni-doped F82H.

Journal Articles

X-ray diffraction analysis on precipitates of 11J irradiated RAFs

Tanigawa, Hiroyasu; Sakasegawa, Hideo*; Payzant, E. A.*; Zinkle, S. J.*; Klueh, R. L.*; Koyama, Akira*

Fusion Materials Semiannual Progress Report for the Period Ending (DOE/ER-0313/35), p.37 - 40, 2004/04

XRD analyses were performed on the extraction residue of HFIR 11J-irradiated RAFs to investigate the overall precipitate character. Un-irradiated and aged specimens were examined as well. Results suggested that the distinctive peaks of M23C6 (M; Cr, Fe, W) were observed on all specimens. Peaks possibly related to MX (M;Ta,Ti,V : X ; C, N) were observed on the specimens extracted from un-irradiated JLF-1 and ORNL9Cr, but those peaks were not observed on irradiated specimens.

Journal Articles

On the effects of fatigue precracking on the microstructure around precrack in 1TCT fracture toughness specimen of F82H-IEA

Tanigawa, Hiroyasu; Hashimoto, Naoyuki*; Sokolov, M. A.*; Klueh, R. L.*; Ando, Masami

Fusion Materials Semiannual Progress Report for the Period Ending (DOE/ER-0313/35), p.58 - 60, 2004/04

1TCT fracture toughness specimens of F82H-IEA steel were fatigue precracked and sliced in specimen thickness wise for microstructure analysis around the precrack. The microstructure around the precrack was observed by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), orientation imaging microscopy (OIM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM samples around the crack front were prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) processor. The fracture surfaces of tested 1TCT specimens were also observed. OM observation showed that the precrack penetration was straight in the beginning, and then tended to follow a prior austenite grain boundary and to branch into 2 to 3 directions at the terminal. SEM and OIM observations revealed that the both microstructures around the precracks and ahead of the precrack had turned into cell structure, which is the typical microstructure of fatigue-loaded F82H. TEM images and inverse pole figures obtained from the crack-front region confirmed this structure change.

Journal Articles

Development of an extensive database of mechanical and physical properties for reduced-activation martensitic steel F82H

Jitsukawa, Shiro; Tamura, Manabu*; Van der Schaaf, B.*; Klueh, R. L.*; Alamo, A.*; Petersen, C.*; Schirra, M.*; Spaetig, P.*; Odette, G. R.*; Tavassoli, A. A.*; et al.

Journal of Nuclear Materials, 307-311(Part1), p.179 - 186, 2002/12

 Times Cited Count:157 Percentile:99.28(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)

Reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel is the primary candidate structural material for ITER Test Blanket Modules and DEMOnstration fusion reactor because of its excellent dimensional stability under irradiation and lower residual activity as compared with the Ni bearing steels such as the austenitic stainless steels. In this paper, microstructural features, tensile, fracture toughness, creep and fatigue properties of a reduced activation martensitic steel F82H (8Cr-2W-0.04Ta-0.1C) are reported before and after irradiation, in addition to the design concept used for development of this alloy. A large number of collaborative test results including those generated under the IEA working group implementing agreements are collected and are used to evaluate the feasibility of use of F82H steel as one of the reference alloys. The effect of metallurgical variables on the irradiation hardening is reviewed and compared with the results obtained from irradiation experiments.

Journal Articles

Microstructural study of irradiated isotopically tailored F82H steel

Wakai, Eiichi; Miwa, Yukio; Hashimoto, Naoyuki*; Robertson, J. P.*; Klueh, R. L.*; Shiba, Kiyoyuki; Abiko, Kenji*; Furuno, Shigemi*; Jitsukawa, Shiro

Journal of Nuclear Materials, 307-311(Part.1), p.203 - 211, 2002/12

 Times Cited Count:25 Percentile:82.42(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)

no abstracts in English

Journal Articles

Tensile results of low-activation martensitic steel irradiated in HFIR RB-11J and RB-12J spectrally tailored capsules

Shiba, Kiyoyuki; Klueh, R. L.*; Miwa, Yukio; Igawa, Naoki; Robertson, J. P.*

Fusion Materials Semiannual Progress Report (DOE/ER-0313/28), p.131 - 135, 2000/06

no abstracts in English

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