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Takeda, Tetsuaki*; Inagaki, Yoshiyuki; Aihara, Jun; Aoki, Takeshi; Fujiwara, Yusuke; Fukaya, Yuji; Goto, Minoru; Ho, H. Q.; Iigaki, Kazuhiko; Imai, Yoshiyuki; et al.
High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors; JSME Series in Thermal and Nuclear Power Generation, Vol.5, 464 Pages, 2021/02
As a general overview of the research and development of a High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) in JAEA, this book describes the achievements by the High Temperature Engineering Test Reactor (HTTR) on the designs, key component technologies such as fuel, reactor internals, high temperature components, etc., and operational experience such as rise-to-power tests, high temperature operation at 950
C, safety demonstration tests, etc. In addition, based on the knowledge of the HTTR, the development of designs and component technologies such as high performance fuel, helium gas turbine and hydrogen production by IS process for commercial HTGRs are described. These results are very useful for the future development of HTGRs. This book is published as one of a series of technical books on fossil fuel and nuclear energy systems by the Power Energy Systems Division of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Yoshida, Masafumi; Hanada, Masaya; Kojima, Atsushi; Kashiwagi, Mieko; Grisham, L. R.*; Hatayama, Akiyoshi*; Shibata, Takanori*; Yamamoto, Takashi*; Akino, Noboru; Endo, Yasuei; et al.
Fusion Engineering and Design, 96-97, p.616 - 619, 2015/10
Times Cited Count：11 Percentile：67.3(Nuclear Science & Technology)In JT-60 Super Advanced for the fusion experiment, 22A, 100s negative ions are designed to be extracted from the world largest ion extraction area of 450 mm 
1100 mm. One of the key issues for producing such as high current beams is to improve non-uniform production of the negative ions. In order to improve the uniformity of the negative ions, a tent-shaped magnetic filter has newly been developed and tested for JT-60SA negative ion source. The original tent-shaped filter significantly improved the logitudunal uniformity of the extracted H
ion beams. The logitudinal uniform areas within a 
10 deviation of the beam intensity were improved from 45% to 70% of the ion extraction area. However, this improvement degrades a horizontal uniformity. For this, the uniform areas was no more than 55% of the total ion extraction area. In order to improve the horizontal uniformity, the filter strength has been reduced from 660 Gasus
cm to 400 Gasuscm. This reduction improved the horizontal uniform area from 75% to 90% without degrading the logitudinal uniformity. This resulted in the improvement of the uniform area from 45% of the total ion extraction areas. This improvement of the uniform area leads to the production of a 22A H ion beam from 450 mm 1100 mm with a small amount increase of electron current of 10%. The obtained beam current fulfills the requirement for JT-60SA.
Kojima, Atsushi; Umeda, Naotaka; Hanada, Masaya; Yoshida, Masafumi; Kashiwagi, Mieko; Tobari, Hiroyuki; Watanabe, Kazuhiro; Akino, Noboru; Komata, Masao; Mogaki, Kazuhiko; et al.
Nuclear Fusion, 55(6), p.063006_1 - 063006_9, 2015/06
Times Cited Count：41 Percentile：89.45(Physics, Fluids & Plasmas)Significant progresses in the extension of pulse durations of powerful negative ion beams have been made to realize the neutral beam injectors for JT-60SA and ITER. In order to overcome common issues of the long pulse production/acceleration of negative ion beams in JT-60SA and ITER, the new technologies have been developed in the JT-60SA ion source and the MeV accelerator in Japan Atomic Energy Agency. As for the long pulse production of high-current negative ions for JT-60SA ion source, the pulse durations have been successfully increased from 30 s at 13 A on JT-60U to 100 s at 15 A by modifying the JT-60SA ion source, which satisfies the required pulse duration of 100 s and 70% of the rated beam current for JT-60SA. This progress was based on the R&D efforts for the temperature control of the plasma grid and uniform negative ion productions with the modified tent-shaped filter field configuration. Moreover, the each parameter of the required beam energy, current and pulse has been achieved individually by these R&D efforts. The developed techniques are useful to design the ITER ion source because the sustainment of the cesium coverage in large extraction area is one of the common issues between JT-60SA and ITER. As for the long pulse acceleration of high power density beams in the MeV accelerator for ITER, the pulse duration of MeV-class negative ion beams has been extended by more than 2 orders of magnitude by modifying the extraction grid with a high cooling capability and a high-transmission of negative ions. A long pulse acceleration of 60 s has been achieved at 70 MW/m
(683 keV, 100 A/m) which has reached to the power density of JT-60SA level of 65 MW/m.
Akino, Noboru; Endo, Yasuei; Hanada, Masaya; Kawai, Mikito*; Kazawa, Minoru; Kikuchi, Katsumi*; Kojima, Atsushi; Komata, Masao; Mogaki, Kazuhiko; Nemoto, Shuji; et al.
JAEA-Technology 2014-042, 73 Pages, 2015/02
JAEA-Technology-2014-042.pdf:15.1MB
According to the project plan of JT-60 Super Advanced that is implemented as an international project between Japan and Europe, the neutral beam (NB) injectors have been disassembled. The disassembly of the NB injectors started in November, 2009 and finished in January, 2012 without any serious problems as scheduled. This reports the disassembly activities of the NB injectors.
Komata, Masao; Shimizu, Tatsuo; Ozeki, Masahiro; Kojima, Atsushi; Hanada, Masaya
JAEA-Technology 2014-041, 50 Pages, 2015/01
JAEA-Technology-2014-041.pdf:22.68MB
In JT-60 Super Advanced, the machine for nuclear fusion research with superconducting magnets for long pulse operation, the negative-ion-base neutral beam injector is required to extend the pulse duration time 10 s to 100 s. In order to realize the long-pulse N-NB injector, the control system of the power supplies for the negative ion source has been newly developed. The control system with use of the versatile devices such as PLC was designed for an ease extension of the functions. Since the control system should have the many different functions which require the wide range of the sampling time of 1 milli-second to 10, all of the functions are performed by distributing PLCs for each of the function. The developed control system has been applied in the tests of the JT-60 negative ion source, where a 100 s negative ion beam has been successfully produced. Through this test, the controllability of this system has been confirmed to be feasible for JT-60SA operation.
Shimizu, Atsushi; Furusawa, Takayuki; Homma, Fumitaka; Inoi, Hiroyuki; Umeda, Masayuki; Kondo, Masaaki; Isozaki, Minoru; Fujimoto, Nozomu; Iyoku, Tatsuo
Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 51(11-12), p.1444 - 1451, 2014/11
Times Cited Count：1 Percentile：8.88(Nuclear Science & Technology)JAEA has kept up a data-base system of operation and maintenance experiences of the HTTR. The objective of this system is to share the information obtained operation and maintenance experiences and to make use of lessons learned and knowledge into a design, construction and operation managements of the future HTGR. More than one thousand records have been registered into the system between 1997 and 2012. This paper describes the status of the data-base system, and provides suggestions for improvement from four experiences: (1) performance degradation of helium compressors; (2) malfunction of reserved shutdown system in reactivity control system; (3) maintenance experiences of emergency gas turbine generators; and (4) experiences of the Great East Japan Earthquake. These experiences are extracted from the system as important lessons learned to be expected to apply for design, construction and operation managements of future HTGR.
Yoshida, Masafumi; Hanada, Masaya; Kojima, Atsushi; Kashiwagi, Mieko; Grisham, L. R.*; Akino, Noboru; Endo, Yasuei; Komata, Masao; Mogaki, Kazuhiko; Nemoto, Shuji; et al.
Review of Scientific Instruments, 85(2), p.02B314_1 - 02B314_4, 2014/02
Times Cited Count：14 Percentile：50.88(Instruments & Instrumentation)Non-uniformity of the negative ion beams in the JT-60 negative ion source was improved by modifying an external magnetic field to a tent-shaped magnetic field for reduction of the local heat loads in the source. Distributions of the source plasmas (H
ions and H
atoms) of the parents of H ions converted on the cesium covered plasma grids were measured by Langmuir probes and emission spectroscopy. Beam intensities of the H ions extracted from the plasma grids were measured by IR camera from the back of the beam target plate. The tent-shaped magnetic field prevented the source plasmas to be localized by B grad B drift of the primary electrons emitted from the filaments in the arc chamber. As a result, standard derivation of the H ions beams was reduced from 14% (the external magnetic field) to 10% (the tent-shaped magnetic field) without reduction of an activity of the H ion production.
Yoshida, Masafumi; Hanada, Masaya; Kojima, Atsushi; Inoue, Takashi; Kashiwagi, Mieko; Grisham, L. R.*; Akino, Noboru; Endo, Yasuei; Komata, Masao; Mogaki, Kazuhiko; et al.
Plasma and Fusion Research (Internet), 8(Sp.1), p.2405146_1 - 2405146_4, 2013/11
Distributions of H and H in the source plasmas produced at the end-plugs of JT-60 negative ions source were measured by Langmuir probes and emission spectroscopy in order to experimentally investigate the cause of lower density of the negative ions extracted from end-plugs in the source. Densities of H and H in end-plugs of the plasma grid in the source were compared with those in the center regions. As a result, lower density of the negative ion at the edge was caused by lower beam optics due to lower and higher density of the H and H.
Sasaki, Shunichi; Kojima, Atsushi; Shimizu, Tatsuo; Kawai, Mikito*; Hanada, Masaya
JAEA-Technology 2012-040, 26 Pages, 2013/01
JAEA-Technology-2012-040.pdf:5.6MB
Breakdowns occur in the JT-60U 500 kV negative ion accelerator with a high probability during the high voltage conditioning. The breakdown in the accelerator is the same phenomena as a short circuit for the power supply. Surge noise generated by the short circuit causes malfunctions of components in the NBI system and other systems. To evaluate the surge noise characteristics, the breakdown noise has been measured using a test circuit with a spark gap which is the protection gap for the accelerator and it considered to be a source of noise. Further, reduction of the surge noise at the spark gap and countermeasure of the malfunction due to the noise have been studied quantitatively at the side of the system where the malfunction occurs. As a result, it has been observed that the noise propagates through space or grounding lines and gives malfunctions for other systems. To reduce the noise, resistors have been connected in the ground potential side of the gap. It was confirmed that the resistor is effective to reduce the noise and probability of the malfunction has been reduced from 100% to 15%. In addition, by placing the ferrite core in the grounded line and by using an isolation amplifier, the malfunction was further reduced to 10%.
Hanada, Masaya; Kojima, Atsushi; Tanaka, Yutaka; Inoue, Takashi; Watanabe, Kazuhiro; Taniguchi, Masaki; Kashiwagi, Mieko; Tobari, Hiroyuki; Umeda, Naotaka; Akino, Noboru; et al.
Fusion Engineering and Design, 86(6-8), p.835 - 838, 2011/10
Times Cited Count：13 Percentile：69.64(Nuclear Science & Technology)Neutral beam (NB) injectors for JT-60 Super Advanced (JT-60SA) have been designed and developed. Twelve positive-ion-based and one negative-ion-based NB injectors are allocated to inject 30 MW D beams in total for 100 s. Each of the positive-ion-based NB injector is designed to inject 1.7 MW for 100s at 85 keV. A part of the power supplies and magnetic shield utilized on JT-60U are upgraded and reused on JT-60SA. To realize the negative-ion-based NB injector for JT-60SA where the injection of 500 keV, 10 MW D beams for 100s is required, R&Ds of the negative ion source have been carried out. High-energy negative ion beams of 490-500 keV have been successfully produced at a beam current of 1-2.8 A through 20% of the total ion extraction area, by improving voltage holding capability of the ion source. This is the first demonstration of a high-current negative ion acceleration of 
1 A to 500 keV. The design of the power supplies and the beamline is also in progress. The procurement of the acceleration power supply starts in 2010.
Hanada, Masaya; Kojima, Atsushi; Inoue, Takashi; Watanabe, Kazuhiro; Taniguchi, Masaki; Kashiwagi, Mieko; Tobari, Hiroyuki; Umeda, Naotaka; Akino, Noboru; Kazawa, Minoru; et al.
AIP Conference Proceedings 1390, p.536 - 544, 2011/09
Times Cited Count：7 Percentile：84.66(Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical)no abstracts in English
Kojima, Atsushi; Hanada, Masaya; Tanaka, Yutaka*; Kawai, Mikito*; Akino, Noboru; Kazawa, Minoru; Komata, Masao; Mogaki, Kazuhiko; Usui, Katsutomi; Sasaki, Shunichi; et al.
Nuclear Fusion, 51(8), p.083049_1 - 083049_8, 2011/08
Times Cited Count：51 Percentile：88.4(Physics, Fluids & Plasmas)Hydrogen negative ion beams of 490 keV, 3 A and 510 keV, 1 A have been successfully produced in the JT-60 negative ion source with three acceleration stages. These successful productions of the high-energy beams at high current have been achieved by overcoming the most critical issue, i.e., a poor voltage holding of the large negative ion sources with the grids of 2 m for JT-60SA and ITER. To improve voltage holding capability, the breakdown voltages for the large grids was examined for the first time. It was found that a vacuum insulation distance for the large grids was 6-7 times longer than that for the small-area grid (0.02 m). From this result, the gap lengths between the grids were tuned in the JT-60 negative ion source. The modification of the ion source also realized a significant stabilization of voltage holding and a short conditioning time. These results suggest a practical use of the large negative ion sources in JT-60SA and ITER.
Kojima, Atsushi; Hanada, Masaya; Tanaka, Yutaka*; Kawai, Mikito*; Akino, Noboru; Kazawa, Minoru; Komata, Masao; Mogaki, Kazuhiko; Usui, Katsutomi; Sasaki, Shunichi; et al.
Proceedings of 23rd IAEA Fusion Energy Conference (FEC 2010) (CD-ROM), 8 Pages, 2011/03
Hydrogen negative ion beams of 490keV, 3A and 510 keV, 1A have been successfully produced in the JT-60 negative ion source with three acceleration stages. These successful productions of the high-energy beams at high current have been achieved by overcoming the most critical issue, i.e., a poor voltage holding of the large negative ion sources with the grids of 
2 m for JT-60SA and ITER. To improve voltage holding capability, the breakdown voltages for the large grids was examined for the first time. It was found that a vacuum insulation distance for the large grids was 6-7 times longer than that for the small-area grid (0.02 m). From this result, the gap lengths between the grids were tuned in the JT-60 negative ion source. The modification of the ion source also realized a significant stabilization of voltage holding and a short conditioning time. These results suggest a practical use of the large negative ion sources in JT-60 SA and ITER.
Hanada, Masaya; Akino, Noboru; Endo, Yasuei; Inoue, Takashi; Kawai, Mikito; Kazawa, Minoru; Kikuchi, Katsumi; Komata, Masao; Kojima, Atsushi; Mogaki, Kazuhiko; et al.
Journal of Plasma and Fusion Research SERIES, Vol.9, p.208 - 213, 2010/08
A large negative ion source with an ion extraction area of 110 cm 45 cm has been developed to produce 500 keV, 22 A D ion beams required for JT-60 Super Advanced. To realize the JT-60SA negative ion source, the JT-60 negative ion source has been modified and tested on the negative-ion-based neutral beam injector on JT-60U. A 500 keV H ion beam has been produced at 3 A without a significant degradation of beam optics. This is the first demonstration of a high energy negative ion acceleration of more than one-ampere to 500 keV in the world. The beam current density of 90 A/m is being increased to meet 130 A/m of the design value for JT-60SA by tuning the operation parameters. A long pulse injection of 30 s has been achieved at a injection D power of 3 MW. The injection energy, defined as the product of the injection time and power, reaches 80 MJ by neutralizing a 340 keV, 27 A D ion beam produced with two negative ion sources.
Tanaka, Yutaka; Hanada, Masaya; Kojima, Atsushi; Akino, Noboru; Shimizu, Tatsuo; Oshima, Katsumi; Inoue, Takashi; Watanabe, Kazuhiro; Taniguchi, Masaki; Kashiwagi, Mieko; et al.
Review of Scientific Instruments, 81(2), p.02A719_1 - 02A719_3, 2010/02
Times Cited Count：4 Percentile：22.9(Instruments & Instrumentation)The JT-60U negative ion source is required to produce 44 A of 500 keV D ion beams for the JT-60SA. So far, acceleration voltage of 450 kV was achieved without beam acceleration and 416 kV with beam acceleration. These are lower than the rated voltage for JT-60SA due to vacuum breakdowns. To examine the cause of vacuum breakdown, the complicated structure of the accelerator was modeled for the calculation of electric field inside the accelerator. At the corners of the grid support flanges, the electric fields are locally concentrated to be 5.2-5.5 kV/mm. This is higher than other parts of the accelerator where the averaged field is around 3 kV/mm. To reduce the concentrated electric field, the support structures were modified to extend the gap lengths between grids. By repeating the high-voltage application of 3 s pulses, the applied voltage was increased. After 15 hours of conditioning, the accelerator sustained its rated value of 500 kV without beam acceleration.
Ikeda, Yoshitaka; Hanada, Masaya; Kamada, Masaki; Kobayashi, Kaoru; Umeda, Naotaka; Akino, Noboru; Ebisawa, Noboru; Inoue, Takashi; Honda, Atsushi; Kawai, Mikito; et al.
IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 36(4), p.1519 - 1529, 2008/08
Times Cited Count：12 Percentile：41.25(Physics, Fluids & Plasmas)The JT-60SA N-NBI system is required to inject 10 MW for 100 s at 500 keV. Three key issues should be solved for the JT-60SA N-NBI ion source. One is to improve the voltage holding capability. Recent R&D tests suggested that the accelerator with a large area of grids may need a high margin in the design of electric field and a long time for conditioning. The second issue is to reduce the grid power loading. It was found that some beamlets were strongly deflected due to beamlet-beamlet interaction and strike on the grounded grid. The grids are to be designed by taking account of beamlet-beamlet interaction in three-dimensional simulation. Third is to maintain the D- production for 100 s. A simple cooling structure is proposed for the active cooled plasma grid, where a key is the temperature gradient on the plasma grid for uniform D- production. The modified N-NBI ion source will start on JT-60SA in 2015.
Shinozaki, Shinichi; Honda, Atsushi; Oshima, Katsumi; Shimizu, Tatsuo; Numazawa, Susumu*; Ikeda, Yoshitaka
JAEA-Technology 2008-048, 23 Pages, 2008/07
JAEA-Technology-2008-048.pdf:8.1MB
The modification of the JT-60U to a fully superconducting coil tokamak, JT-60SA, has been programmed as the satellite devise for the ITER and as the national centralized tokamak. The present positive-ion-based NBI system, which has employed the expensive CAMAC and has been operated for 20 years, is required to extend its pulse duration from 30 s to 100 s for JT-60SA. Recently, the frequency of troubles on the data acquisition system has increased due to its age-induced deterioration. To realize the long pulse operation and to maintain the high reliability on JT-60SA, we set to develop a new acquisition system. As a first step, we have designed and constructed a prototype acquisition system, which is combined with instruments highly available on the market, to confirm the basic performance. The result indicates that the new system allows us to construct a highly flexible and user-friendly acquisition system at low cost without highly technical software developing.
Kubo, Hirotaka; Sasaki, Akira; Moribayashi, Kengo; Higashijima, Satoru; Takenaga, Hidenobu; Shimizu, Katsuhiro; Nakano, Tomohide; Whiteford, A.*; Sugie, Tatsuo
Journal of Nuclear Materials, 363-365, p.1441 - 1445, 2007/06
Times Cited Count：6 Percentile：42.5(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)no abstracts in English
Takenaga, Hidenobu; Kubo, Hirotaka; Higashijima, Satoru; Asakura, Nobuyuki; Sugie, Tatsuo; Konoshima, Shigeru; Shimizu, Katsuhiro; Nakano, Tomohide; Itami, Kiyoshi; Sakasai, Akira; et al.
Fusion Science and Technology (JT-60 Special Issue), 42(2-3), p.327 - 356, 2002/09
Times Cited Count：10 Percentile：15.15(Nuclear Science & Technology)no abstracts in English
Kamada, Yutaka; Fujita, Takaaki; Ishida, Shinichi; Kikuchi, Mitsuru; Ide, Shunsuke; Takizuka, Tomonori; Shirai, Hiroshi; Koide, Yoshihiko; Fukuda, Takeshi; Hosogane, Nobuyuki; et al.
Fusion Science and Technology (JT-60 Special Issue), 42(2-3), p.185 - 254, 2002/09
Times Cited Count：34 Percentile：48.48(Nuclear Science & Technology)With the main aim of providing physics basis for ITER and the steady-state tokamak reactors, JT-60/JT-60U has been developing and optimizing the operational concepts, and extending the discharge regimes toward sustainment of high integrated performance in the reactor relevant parameter regime. In addition to achievement of the equivalent break-even condition (QDTeq up to 1.25) and a high fusion triple product = 1.5E21 m-3skeV, JT-60U has demonstrated the integrated performance of high confinement, high beta-N, full non-inductive current drive with a large fraction of bootstrap current in the reversed magnetic shear and in the high-beta-p ELMy H mode plasmas characterized by both internal and edge transport barriers. The key factors in optimizing these plasmas are profile and shape controls. As represented by discovery of various Internal Transport Barriers, JT-60/JT-60U has been emphasizing freedom and restriction of profiles in various confinement modes. JT-60U has demonstrated applicability of these high confinement modes to ITER and also clarified remaining issues.
