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Nakata, Hisakazu; Okada, Shota; Amazawa, Hiroya; Sakai, Akihiro
JAEA-Technology 2023-021, 31 Pages, 2024/01
JAEA-Technology-2023-021.pdf:2.53MB
Radioactive waste packages, which Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) plans to dispose of, must meet the technical criteria specified by the Order of Nuclear Regulation Authority. One criteria is newly specified in 2019 such that it shall be impact resistant performance so as to be few in quantity of radionuclides released from the waste package in case of dropping from the maximum height assumed in the disposal process. Then, JAEA needs to prove the compliance of the waste package with the technical criteria by estimating the leakage of radionuclides. In this report, the amounts of scattering materials inside two waste packages caused by dropping impact from 8m height was estimated by numerical analysis, providing the ratio of the amounts of scattering materials to the weight of the waste package. The analysis objects were 1m
cube container-filled and solidified waste package containing metal waste, which are expected to emplace into a vault-type disposal facility. Some considerations relating to the production method of the waste package using 1m cubic container and its waste acceptance criteria are provided on the basis of the drop analysis in this report.
Ogawa, Rina; Amazawa, Hiroya; Nakata, Hisakazu; Sugaya, Toshikatsu; Sakai, Akihiro
JAEA-Review 2023-011, 116 Pages, 2023/08
JAEA-Review-2023-011.pdf:2.6MB
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) is the implementing agency for the disposal business of radioactive waste generated from research, industrial and medical facilities (Institutional radioactive waste). In 2010, JAEA implemented a conceptual design of the disposal facility that conformed to the laws and regulations at the time. However, since 2013, the laws and regulations for nuclear facilities including the Category-2 Waste Disposal were amended. Since then, design of various nuclear facilities including disposal facilities has been reviewed. Therefore, JAEA decided to do additional studies toward the basic design for the disposal facility. When JAEA gets a license of the disposal business of Institutional radioactive waste, it is necessary to show that the disposal facility complies with the rule of design for disposal facility under the law. Therefore, JAEA is examining technical studies of the disposal facility to conform to the new standard. In this report, we organized the requirements of the rule for design of trench disposal facility and extracted the issues to design the disposal facility that conform to the requirements.
Nakamura, Mizuki; Izumo, Sari; Ogawa, Rina; Nakata, Hisakazu; Amazawa, Hiroya; Sakai, Akihiro
JAEA-Technology 2022-025, 73 Pages, 2022/12
JAEA-Technology-2022-025.pdf:1.64MB
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) has been establishing as the implementing body of the near surface disposal of low-level radioactive waste (LLW) generated from research facilities and other facilities in order to actualize the near surface disposal. It is necessary to evaluate the effective doses by direct and skyshine 
-rays from disposal facilities and reduce the doses below the target dose (50
Sv/y) at the site boundary for the safety assessment during operation. It was shown at the results of conceptual design that the distance from the trench disposal facilities to site boundary needed to be kept more than 120m in order to satisfy the target dose. However, the design of trench disposal facilities was changed because of increasing amount of waste subject to the trench disposal. Therefore, the dose by skyshine -rays from trench disposal facilities was recalculated by use of two-dimensional discrete ordinates Sn code DOT 3.5. As a result, it was evaluated that the dose by skyshine -rays from each trench facility at the site boundary whose distance was 120m from a trench facility was lower than 50 Sv/y, respectively, and the dose added up the doses from trench facilities was also lower than 50 Sv/y. In addition, it was suggested to reduce the target skyshine dose by thickening the covered soil on the top layer.
Murata, Chinatsu; Kitahara, Masaru; Tanaka, Kiwamu; Amazawa, Hiroya; Takebe, Shinichi; Yamada, Osamu*; Kameo, Yutaka
Dekomisshoningu Giho, (62), p.20 - 31, 2020/09
On the basis of Act on Special Measures, municipalities stripped surface soil off the playground of park to decontaminate the soil which had been contaminated with radionuclides released from Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. To minimize the exposure dose of the residents, it was essential to decide safe disposal of the contaminated soil which has been stored at temporary storage areas. Therefore, the ministry of the Environment and Tokai-mura office required Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) to perform demonstration project of burying the contaminated soil generated by decontamination of public facilities in order to provide decision on the enforcement ordinance and guidelines of burying it. In this project, we acquired data of air dose rate and the personal exposure dose during transporting, burying, and storing the contaminated soil. In addition, we measured radioactivity concentration of dust collected from surroundings of the landfill and seepage water through contaminated soil.
Izumo, Sari; Hayashi, Hirokazu; Nakata, Hisakazu; Amazawa, Hiroya; Motoyama, Mitsushi*; Sakai, Akihiro
JAEA-Technology 2018-018, 39 Pages, 2019/03
JAEA-Technology-2018-018.pdf:2.8MB
JAEA has planed the near surface disposal of LLW generated from research, industrial, and medical facilities. Maximum radioactivity concentration of each waste and total radioactivity of disposed wastes are needed to be less than the permitted values in the license of disposal facility. Thus, it is important not to evaluate the radioactivity of each waste in unduly conservative ways so as to dispose of the total amount of the waste that is originally planned. Accordingly, the detection limit is required to be as low as the clearance level for the very low level radioactive waste planned to be disposed of trench-type. In this report, the feasibility of the non-destructive assay method is studied by model calculations for gamma emitters. It is confirmed that the detection limit less than the clearance level can be achieved as regards the box type metal container that is difficult to measure. This report summarizes the requirements for the non-destructive measuring equipment.
Nakata, Hisakazu; Takao, Hajime*; Chijimatsu, Masakazu*; Noma, Yasutaka*; Amazawa, Hiroya; Sakai, Akihiro
JAEA-Technology 2018-014, 43 Pages, 2019/03
JAEA-Technology-2018-014.pdf:5.91MB
Japan Atomic Energy Agency plans to install disposal facilities for radioactive waste arising from research institutes. One relevant technical standard by the safety regulation is that the disposal facility shall be performance so as not to be left with harmful voids after backfilling with soil. Additionally no harmful void needs to exist in the waste packed in metal containers. The harmful void is supposed to result in the collapse of the disposal facility after structural materials of the container deteriorate and then become a state that can not retain the structure on its own. That leads to have an adverse impact on the facility such that the shape of cover soil deforms the way in which stagnant water is likely to occure. For which reason, a waste acceptance criteria relating to the quantity of voidage in a waste package needs to be defined quantitatively, which is preliminary less than 20% in a volum ratio based on this study.
Nakata, Hisakazu; Amazawa, Hiroya; Izumo, Sari; Okada, Shota; Sakai, Akihiro
Dekomisshoningu Giho, (58), p.10 - 23, 2018/09
Low level radioactive wastes are generated in the research and development of the nuclear energy, medical and industrial use of radioisotope except NPP in Japan. The disposal of wastes arising from NPP has already been implemented while not the one for wastes from research institutes etc. Japan Atomic Energy Agency therefore has been assigned an implementing organization for the disposal legally in 2008 in order to promote the disposal program as quickly and firmly as possible. Since then, JAEA has conducted their activity relating to the disposal facility design on generic site conditions and developing Waste Acceptance Criteria for LLW from research institutes. This report summarizes the WAC and current challenges.
Hayashi, Hirokazu; Izumo, Sari; Nakata, Hisakazu; Amazawa, Hiroya; Sakai, Akihiro
JAEA-Technology 2018-001, 66 Pages, 2018/06
JAEA-Technology-2018-001.pdf:4.12MBJAEA-Technology-2018-001(errata).pdf:0.54MB
It is necessary to establish evaluation methodology of radioactivity concentrations of each radionuclide in waste packages for operation of the Near-surface Trench disposal and Sub-surface Pit disposal facility in near future, which has been preparing for low-level radioactive wastes generated from research facilities in JAEA. The radionuclides containing in waste packages generated from both JRR-2 and JRR-3, which are H-3, C-14, Cl-36, Co-60, Ni-63, Sr-90, Nb-94, Tc-99, Ag-108m, I-129, Cs-137, Eu-152, Eu-154, U-234, U-238, Pu-239+240, Pu-238+Am-241, Cm-243+244, were evaluated their density based on radiochemical analysis data, and the Evaluation Methodology of the Radioactivity Concentration such as Scaling Factor method and mean activity concentration method was studied in this report.
Sakai, Akihiro; Nakata, Hisakazu; Amazawa, Hiroya
JAEA-Technology 2017-030, 176 Pages, 2018/02
JAEA-Technology-2017-030.pdf:4.09MB
At present, the reuse method for the contaminated soil generated from the decontamination of radioactive materials caused by the accident of the Tokyo Electric Power Cooperation Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant after intermediate storage is being discussed. The radioactivity concentration of contaminated soil with about 20 million cubic meters within total arising volume of the soil is less than 100 kBq/kg. Therefore, when it is assumed that contaminated soil was disposed of in the trench facility, exposure doses to public at the various exposure pathways resulting from Cs-134 and Cs-137 contained in the removal soil were calculated. From the dose calculation results, the radioactivity concentrations corresponded to reference doses that are assumed to be 0.01 mSv/y or 0.3 mSv/y were evaluated. Then, variation of the radioactivity concentrations was evaluated when the volume of disposal facility was increased taking into account variation of the volume of contaminated soil.
Nakata, Hisakazu; Hayashi, Hirokazu; Amazawa, Hiroya; Sakai, Akihiro
JAEA-Technology 2017-031, 41 Pages, 2018/01
JAEA-Technology-2017-031.pdf:5.27MB
JAEA plans to install disposal facilities for radioactive waste arising from research institutes. It must meet the technical standards specified in the relevant rule. One technical standard is that the disposal facilities shall be performance so as not to be left with the voids after the backfilling with soil. Additionally, the rule also requires this radioactive waste be enclosed in a container in which no harmful voids remain. In order to contribute to the development of a method that adapts the disposal facilities to these technical standards, JAEA adopts a waste conditioning artifice that aims for reducing a quantity of voidage in each waste container by a vibration filling method using sandy soil, providing with average void ratios inside the disposal facilities being adequately controlled. In this reports, filling property tests are conducted in the light of filling sand characteristics, types of metal waste and vibration conditions.
Nakata, Hisakazu; Sakai, Akihiro; Amazawa, Hiroya; Sakamoto, Yoshiaki
Nihon Genshiryoku Gakkai-Shi ATOMO
, 59(8), p.447 - 449, 2017/08
Removed soil except those that may be reusable/recyclable would be finally disposed of. A general view is obtained in regards to a disposal concept of low level radioactive wastes generated from research, industrial and medical facilities, for the purpose of contributing to designing final disposal facilities of removed soil. It is analyzed to investigate the issues relating to cost evaluation in order to reasonably carry out that design, referring to a cost evaluation methodology applied to a trench-type disposal facility, which has been planned by JAEA, with impermeable layers.
Hayashi, Hirokazu; Okada, Shota; Izumo, Sari; Hoshino, Yuzuru; Tsuji, Tomoyuki; Nakata, Hisakazu; Sakai, Akihiro; Amazawa, Hiroya; Sakamoto, Yoshiaki
Proceedings of 2017 International Congress on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants (ICAPP 2017) (CD-ROM), 7 Pages, 2017/04
A near surface disposal for low-level radioactive waste (LLW) generated from commercial nuclear power plants (NPP) is operating in Japan. However, the disposal of LLW from other nuclear facilities and radioisotope utilization facilities has not yet been implemented. Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) plans to implement the near surface disposal. In order to be disposed of these wastes, it must be confirmed by the regulator that each waste package (radioactive waste solidified with filling materials, such as cement, in a container by a regulated method is termed a waste package) conforms to technical standards that aim for safe disposal. JAEA has studied reasonable confirmation methods to demonstrate the conformity of the waste package to the technical standard as NPP operators have studied it. This report describes the outline of our activities focused on development of the confirmation method applicable to radioactive wastes from research facilities.
Totsuka, Masayoshi; Kurosawa, Ryohei*; Sakai, Akihiro; Nakata, Hisakazu; Hayashi, Hirokazu; Amazawa, Hiroya
JAEA-Technology 2017-001, 40 Pages, 2017/03
JAEA-Technology-2017-001.pdf:2.24MB
Japan Atomic Energy Agency is planning for the near surface disposal of low level radioactive wastes generated from research, industrial and medical facilities industry in Japan. This document provides the values of radioactivity concentrations equivalent to dose criterion for trench-type disposal. These values are derived based on the safety assessment for ground water scenarios by using a model which describes the release of radionuclides from wastes to a cover soil caused by elution. These concentrations are compared with the one calculated by a model that describes the nuclide release mechanisms as solid-liquid partitioning equilibrium. Additionally, the change in the concentrations is evaluated when the amount of water percolating into a disposal facility varies.
Sakai, Akihiro; Kurosawa, Ryohei*; Totsuka, Masayoshi; Nakata, Hisakazu; Amazawa, Hiroya
JAEA-Technology 2016-032, 117 Pages, 2017/02
JAEA-Technology-2016-032.pdf:12.84MB
JAEA has been planning to implement near surface disposal of low level waste generated from research, medical, and industrial facilities. JAEA plans to carry out 3d analysis of groundwater flow in geological model around the disposal site because of development of migration assessment modeling of radioactivity materials in the site. In the safety demonstration test in JAEA, 3d analysis of groundwater flow was carried out on 1999. The analysis was calculated by using the code "3D-SEEP". But it is necessary to improve the conditions of the model in the analysis. Therefore, we improved the geological model which had been developed carried out 3d analysis of groundwater flow by using the current 3D-SEEP for the specified disposal site in the future. From the result, we expect that 3d analysis of groundwater flow in the environment around the specified near surface disposal site will be able to be sufficiently conducted by developing an appropriate model for the disposal site.
Okada, Shota; Izumo, Sari; Nakata, Hisakazu; Tsuji, Tomoyuki; Sakai, Akihiro; Amazawa, Hiroya
JAEA-Technology 2016-023, 129 Pages, 2016/11
JAEA-Technology-2016-023.pdf:8.95MB
Waste packages must meet the technical requirements. This is because JAEA has been preparing an operating procedure manual for quality control of radioactive waste disposal to be applied to the processing of the waste packages. Raw wastes generated by JAEA are segregated and stored by a method specified in the manual. The composition of raw wastes was characterized on the basis of records of the segregation process. Simulated waste packages were produced by placing the waste materials in a 200 liter drum, which was then filled with mortar, followed by curing in a controlled manner. The static load test was conducted to measure deformation and strain performance of the simulated waste package. Compression apparatuses which can imitate loading conditions in pit-type and trench-type facility that are planned by JAEA were used. Based on the test result, waste packages produced in accordance with the manual met the technical requirement under the condition.
Sakai, Akihiro; Kurosawa, Ryohei*; Nakata, Hisakazu; Okada, Shota; Izumo, Sari; Sato, Makoto*; Kitamura, Yoichi*; Honda, Yasutake*; Takaoka, Katsuki*; Amazawa, Hiroya
JAEA-Technology 2016-019, 134 Pages, 2016/10
JAEA-Technology-2016-019.pdf:8.25MB
Japan Atomic Energy Agency has been developing to design trench disposal facility with impermeable layers in order to dispose of miscellaneous waste. Geomembrane liners have a function that prevent seepage of leachant and collect the leachant. However, the geomembrane liners do not necessarily provide the expected performance due to damage generated when heavy equipment contacts with the liner. Therefore, we studied the impermeable layers having high performance of preventing seepage of leachant including radioactivity taking into account characteristics of low permeable materials and effect of multiple layer structure. As results, we have evaluated that the composite layers composed by a drainage layer, geomembrane liners and a low permeable layer are most effective structure to prevent seepage of leachant. Taking into account disposal of waste including cesium, we also considered zeolite containing sheets for adsorption of cesium were installed in the impermeable layers.
Nakata, Hisakazu; Sakai, Akihiro; Okada, Shota; Izumo, Sari; Tsuji, Tomoyuki; Kurosawa, Ryohei; Amazawa, Hiroya
JAEA-Technology 2016-001, 112 Pages, 2016/03
JAEA-Technology-2016-001.pdf:16.71MB
The waste packages must meet the technical requirements that radioactive waste shall be solidified in a container by a method determined by the Nuclear Regulation Authority to prevent from radiation hazards. JAEA has been preparing operating procedure manual on quality control for radioactive waste disposal in order to promote the manufacturing the waste package. This report presents that simulant waste packages were produced by placing wastes in a 200 liter drum, which was then filled with mortar of a novel mix proportion, followed by curing in a controlled manner. Determination of the presence of harmful voidage and raw waste immobility were performed by direct measurement and visual inspection of a vertical cross section of the waste packages respectively.
Okada, Shota; Kurosawa, Ryohei; Sakai, Akihiro; Nakata, Hisakazu; Amazawa, Hiroya
JAEA-Technology 2015-016, 44 Pages, 2015/07
JAEA-Technology-2015-016.pdf:5.8MB
In this report, we calculated radioactivity concentration of radionuclides potentially contained in low level radioactive waste (LLW) generated from research, medical, and industrial facilities corresponding to dose criterion (10 Sv/y) for near surface disposal. 220 kinds of nuclides whose half-life are more than 30 days were selected. Radioactivity concentrations corresponding to dose criterion of 40 nuclides among 220 ones were calculated by using the representative model because the concentrations of 40 nuclides had not been calculated yet. Skyshine dose from each of 19 nuclides, whose radioactivity concentration were invalid values that are larger than the specific radioactivity of nuclides, during operation of disposal facility was calculated. These radioactivity concentrations can be used as criteria of categorization of LLW between trench type and concrete vault type disposal and of preliminary selection of important nuclides of these disposals in the generic conditions.
Tsuji, Tomoyuki; Sakai, Akihiro; Izumo, Sari; Amazawa, Hiroya
JAEA-Technology 2015-009, 46 Pages, 2015/06
JAEA-Technology-2015-009.pdf:1.45MB
It is necessary to establish practical evaluation methods to determine radioactivity concentrations of the important nuclides for safety assessment on disposal of radioactive wastes in order to dispose of low-level radioactive wastes generated from various nuclear facilities in JAEA. In this report, it has been studied that the practical evaluation methods are applied for the important nuclides (H-3, C-14, Cl-36, Ni-59, Co-60, Ni-63, Sr-90, Mo-93, Nb-94, Tc-99, Ag-108m, Cs-137, Eu-152, Eu-154, Ho-166m, 
nuclides) of radioactive wastes generated from JPDR facilities. As a result, it has been found that the appropriate methods to determine radioactivity concentrations such as the scaling factor method (Ni-63, Nb-94), the mean activity concentration method (H-3, C-14, Cl-36 and so on) and the theoretical method (Ni-59) can be applied and Co-60, Ag-108m and Cs-137 will be evaluated by measurements from outside of the waste package.
Kurosawa, Ryohei; Okada, Shota; Sakai, Akihiro; Nakata, Hisakazu; Amazawa, Hiroya
JAEA-Data/Code 2015-005, 82 Pages, 2015/06
JAEA-Data-Code-2015-005.pdf:3.47MB
The calculation tool of neutron flux at materials within and around the research reactor was developed so that the user more easily evaluate radioactivity inventory in radioactive waste generated from the decommissioning of research reactors at various conditions. The tool consists of some computer programs which calculate macroscopic effective cross section at materials, calculate the neutron flux at materials within and around the research reactor, and edit the neutron flux to evaluate the radioactive inventory. This report describes the outline of evaluation method of neutron flux at materials within and around the research reactor, the structure and functions of the calculation tool of neutron flux, input and output data, and sample run with the tool.