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Journal Articles

Atmospheric ionizations by solar X-rays, solar protons, and radiation belt electrons in September 2017 space weather event

Murase, Kiyoka*; Kataoka, Ryuho*; Nishiyama, Takanori*; Sato, Kaoru*; Tsutsumi, Masaki*; Tanaka, Yoshimasa*; Ogawa, Yasunobu*; Sato, Tatsuhiko

Space Weather, 21(12), p.e2023SW003651_1 - e2023SW003651_11, 2023/12

Comprehensive understandings of their global impact on the atmosphere require whole pictures of spatio-temporal distributions of the ionization due to them. We estimate the altitude profiles of the ionization rate during the space weather event occurred in September 2017 by using the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) with input of the particle fluxes obtained by satellites. The estimates are then compared with measurements of the ionization altitude, ionization intensity, and electron density by the radars in the polar region such as the PANSY radar at Syowa Station and the EISCAT in Tromso, Norway. We conclude that the PHITS simulation results reproduce those ionizations measured by ground-based instruments with inputs of observed ionization sources by satellites within a factor of 2.

Journal Articles

Local environmental effects on cosmic ray observations at Syowa Station in the Antarctic; PARMA-based snow cover correction for neutrons and machine learning approach for neutrons and muons

Kataoka, Ryuho*; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Kato, Chihiro*; Kadokura, Akira*; Kozai, Masayoshi*; Miyake, Shoko*; Murase, Kiyoka*; Yoshida, Rihito*; Tomikawa, Yoshihiro*; Munakata, Kazuoki*

Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate (Internet), 12, p.37_1 - 37_11, 2022/11

 Times Cited Count:0 Percentile:24.42(Astronomy & Astrophysics)

Solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays around the solar minimum in 2019-2020 looks different in the secondary neutrons and muons observed at the ground. To compare the solar modulation of primary cosmic rays in detail, we have to remove the possible seasonal variations caused by the atmosphere and surrounding environment. As such surrounding environment effects, we evaluate the snow cover effect on neutron count rate and the atmospheric temperature effect on muon count rate both simultaneously observed at Syowa Station in the Antarctic (69.01$$^{circ}$$ S, 39.59$$^{circ}$$ E). The corrected muon count rate starts decreasing in late 2019, earlier than the corrected neutron count rate which starts decreasing in early 2020, possibly indicating the rigidity dependent solar modulation in the heliosphere.

Journal Articles

Mesospheric ionization during substorm growth phase

Murase, Kiyoka*; Kataoka, Ryuho*; Nishiyama, Takanori*; Nishimura, Koji*; Hashimoto, Taishi*; Tanaka, Yoshimasa*; Kadokura, Akira*; Tomikawa, Yoshihiro*; Tsutsumi, Masaki*; Ogawa, Yasunobu*; et al.

Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate (Internet), 12, p.18_1 - 18_16, 2022/06

 Times Cited Count:0 Percentile:24.42(Astronomy & Astrophysics)

We identified two energetic electron precipitation (EEP) events during the growth phase of moderate substorms and estimated the mesospheric ionization rate for an EEP event for which the most comprehensive dataset from ground-based and space-born instruments was available. The mesospheric ionization signature reached below 70 km altitude and continued for ~15 min until the substorm onset, as observed by the PANSY radar and imaging riometer at Syowa Station in the Antarctic region. We also used energetic electron flux observed by the Arase and POES 15 satellites as the input for the air-shower simulation code PHITS to quantitatively estimate the mesospheric ionization rate. Combining the cutting-edge observations and simulations, we shed new light on the space weather impact of the EEP events during geomagnetically quiet times, which is important to understand the possible link between the space environment and climate.

Journal Articles

Space weather benchmarks on Japanese society

Ishii, Mamoru*; Shiota, Daiko*; Tao, Chihiro*; Ebihara, Yusuke*; Fujiwara, Hitoshi*; Ishii, Takako*; Ichimoto, Kiyoshi*; Kataoka, Ryuho*; Koga, Kiyokazu*; Kubo, Yuki*; et al.

Earth, Planets and Space (Internet), 73(1), p.108_1 - 108_20, 2021/12

 Times Cited Count:4 Percentile:59.06(Geosciences, Multidisciplinary)

We surveyed the relationship between the scale of space weather events and their occurrence rate in Japan and we discussed the social impact of these phenomena during the Project for Solar-Terrestrial Environment Prediction (PSTEP). The information was compiled for domestic users of space weather forecasts for appropriate preparedness against space weather disasters. This paper gives a comprehensive summary of the survey, focusing on the fields of electricity, satellite operations, communication and broadcasting, satellite positioning usage, aviation, human space activity, and daily life on the Earth's surface, using the cutting-edge knowledge of space weather. Quantitative estimations of the economic impact of space weather events on electricity and aviation are also given.

Journal Articles

PSTEP: Project for solar-terrestrial environment prediction

Kusano, Kanya*; Ichimoto, Kiyoshi*; Ishii, Mamoru*; Miyoshi, Yoshizumi*; Yoden, Shigeo*; Akiyoshi, Hideharu*; Asai, Ayumi*; Ebihara, Yusuke*; Fujiwara, Hitoshi*; Goto, Tadanori*; et al.

Earth, Planets and Space (Internet), 73(1), p.159_1 - 159_29, 2021/12

 Times Cited Count:6 Percentile:52.8(Geosciences, Multidisciplinary)

The PSTEP is a nationwide research collaboration in Japan and was conducted from April 2015 to March 2020, supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. It has made a significant progress in space weather research and operational forecasts, publishing over 500 refereed journal papers and organizing four international symposiums, various workshops and seminars, and summer school for graduate students at Rikubetsu in 2017. This paper is a summary report of the PSTEP and describes the major research achievements it produced.

Journal Articles

Transient ionization of the mesosphere during auroral breakup; Arase satellite and ground-based conjugate observations at Syowa Station

Kataoka, Ryuho*; Nishiyama, Takanori*; Tanaka, Yoshimasa*; Kadokura, Akira*; Uchida, Herbert Akihito*; Ebihara, Yusuke*; Ejiri, Mitsumu*; Tomikawa, Yoshihiro*; Tsutsumi, Masaki*; Sato, Kaoru*; et al.

Earth, Planets and Space (Internet), 71(1), p.9_1 - 9_10, 2019/12

 Times Cited Count:7 Percentile:40.92(Geosciences, Multidisciplinary)

Transient ionization of the mesosphere was detected at around 65 km altitude during the isolated auroral expansion occurred at 2221-2226 UT on June 30, 2017. A general-purpose Monte Carlo particle transport code PHITS suggested that significant ionization is possible in the middle atmosphere due to auroral X-rays from the auroral electrons of $$<$$10 keV.

Journal Articles

Nowcast and forecast of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) and solar energetic particle (SEP) fluxes in magnetosphere and ionosphere; Extension of WASAVIES to earth orbit

Sato, Tatsuhiko; Kataoka, Ryuho*; Shiota, Daiko*; Kubo, Yuki*; Ishii, Mamoru*; Yasuda, Hiroshi*; Miyake, Shoko*; Miyoshi, Yoshizumi*; Ueno, Haruka*; Nagamatsu, Aiko*

Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate (Internet), 9, p.A9_1 - A9_11, 2019/03

 Times Cited Count:6 Percentile:39.39(Astronomy & Astrophysics)

Real-time estimation of astronaut doses during solar particle events (SPE) is one of the most challenging tasks in cosmic-ray dosimetry. We therefore develop a new computational method that can nowcast the solar energetic particle (SEP) as well as galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) fluxes on any Earth orbit during a large SPE associating with ground level enhancement. It is an extended version of WArning System for AVIation Exposure to Solar Energetic Particle, WASAVIES. The extended version, called WASAVIES-EO, can calculate the GCR and SEP fluxes outside a satellite based on its two-line element data. Moreover, organ dose and dose-equivalent rates of astronauts in the International Space Station (ISS) can be estimated using the system, considering its shielding effect. The accuracy of WASAVIES-EO was validated based on the dose rates measured in ISS, as well as based on high-energy proton fluxes observed by POES satellites.

Journal Articles

Comparison of cosmic-ray environments on earth, moon, mars and in spacecraft using PHITS

Sato, Tatsuhiko; Nagamatsu, Aiko*; Ueno, Haruka*; Kataoka, Ryuho*; Miyake, Shoko*; Takeda, Kazuo*; Niita, Koji*

Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 180(1-4), p.146 - 149, 2018/08

 Times Cited Count:13 Percentile:82.06(Environmental Sciences)

Cosmic-ray dose rates spatially and temporally change very much. In this study, we compared the calculated cosmic-ray environments on the Earth, Moon, and Mars as well as inside spacecraft on low-earth orbit (LEO) and at interplanetary space. In the calculation, a galactic cosmic-ray model developed in DLR and trapped proton/electron models AP9/AE9 were used for determining the incident cosmic-ray fluxes, and the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System, PHITS, was employed for the cosmic-ray transport simulation in the Earth, Lunar, and Martian systems as well as spacecraft. The virtual International Space Station (ISS) model developed by JAXA was adopted as the representative of spacecraft in the PHITS simulation. This paper focuses on the comprehensive discussions on the difference of cosmic-ray environments and the effective methods of their shielding in various exposure situations.

Journal Articles

Radiation dose nowcast for the ground level enhancement on 10-11 September 2017

Kataoka, Ryuho*; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Miyake, Shoko*; Shiota, Daiko*; Kubo, Yuki*

Space Weather, 16(7), p.917 - 923, 2018/07

 Times Cited Count:19 Percentile:70.29(Astronomy & Astrophysics)

A ground level enhancement (GLE) event occurred on 10-11 September 2017, associated with X8.2 solar flare exploded at western limb. The magnitude of the GLE was not so large even at the peak, but the duration of the event was longer than average. We briefly report the results of our manually conducted nowcast using WASAVIES (Warning System of AViation Exposure to Solar energetic particles). The maximum radiation dose rate at 12 km flight altitude was estimated to be approximately 2 $$mu$$Sv/h, which is only one-third of the corresponding background dose rate due to the galactic cosmic-ray exposure. This result verified the safety of aircrews and passengers in aviation during this event.

Journal Articles

Real time and automatic analysis program for WASAVIES; Warning system for aviation exposure to solar energetic particles

Sato, Tatsuhiko; Kataoka, Ryuho*; Shiota, Daiko*; Kubo, Yuki*; Ishii, Mamoru*; Yasuda, Hiroshi*; Miyake, Shoko*; Park, I.*; Miyoshi, Yoshizumi*

Space Weather, 16(7), p.924 - 936, 2018/07

 Times Cited Count:17 Percentile:68.44(Astronomy & Astrophysics)

A physics-based warning system of aviation exposure to solar energetic particles, WASAVIES, is improved to be capable of real-time and automatic analysis. In the improved system, the count rates of several neutron monitors (NM) at the ground level, as well as the proton fluxes measured by the GOES satellite are continuously downloaded at intervals of 5 min and used for determining the model parameters. The performance of WASAVIES is examined by analyzing the three major GLE events of the 21st century. A web-interface of WASAVIES is also developed and will be released in the near future through the public server of NICT.

Journal Articles

Cosmic ray modulation and radiation dose of aircrews during the solar cycle 24/25

Miyake, Shoko*; Kataoka, Ryuho*; Sato, Tatsuhiko

Space Weather, 15(4), p.589 - 605, 2017/04

 Times Cited Count:17 Percentile:64.51(Astronomy & Astrophysics)

Weak solar activity and high cosmic-ray flux during the coming solar cycle are qualitatively anticipated by the recent observation that show the decline in the solar activity levels. We have quantitatively predicted the cosmic-ray modulation and resultant radiation exposure at flight altitude by using the time-dependent and three dimensional model of the cosmic-ray modulation. The database of airshower simulation performed by Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System, PHITS, was employed in the prediction. Our predictions of the neutron monitor counting rate and the radiation dose of aircrews during the solar cycle 24/25 have some natures caused by the charge sign dependence of the cosmic-ray modulation, such as the flat-top profiles.

Journal Articles

Ionization of protoplanetary disks by galactic cosmic rays, solar protons, and supernova remnants

Kataoka, Ryuho*; Sato, Tatsuhiko

Geoscience Frontiers, 8(2), p.247 - 252, 2017/03

 Times Cited Count:4 Percentile:14.31(Geosciences, Multidisciplinary)

Estimation of the depth-dose profile of ionization in protoplanetary disks by galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), solar protons, and by supernova remnants is of great importance in the analysis of planet formation. We therefore calculated the profile using Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System PHITS. The attenuation length of GCR ionization is updated as 118 g cm$$^{-2}$$, which is approximately 20% larger than the popular value. Hard and soft possible spectra of solar protons give 5% larger and 20% smaller attenuation lengths compared with those from standard GCR spectra, respectively. Further, all of the attenuation lengths become 10% larger in the compound gas of cosmic abundance, e.g. 128 g cm$$^{-2}$$ for GCRs, which can significantly affect the minimum estimate of the size of dead zones in protoplanetary disks.

Journal Articles

Interplanetary particle transport simulation for warning system for aviation exposure to solar energetic particles

Kubo, Yuki*; Kataoka, Ryuho*; Sato, Tatsuhiko

Earth, Planets and Space (Internet), 67(1), p.117_1 - 117_13, 2015/12

 Times Cited Count:13 Percentile:39.64(Geosciences, Multidisciplinary)

One of the extreme space weather phenomena are solar energetic particles (SEPs). The huge SEP event causes a radiation dose enhancement to aircrews to be warned as soon as possible. To warn a radiation dose enhancement to aircrew, we have tried to develop warning system for radiation exposure to solar energetic particles. This article describes one component of the system, which calculates temporal evolution of SEP intensity and spectrum just outside the terrestrial magnetosphere.

Journal Articles

Radiation dose of aircrews during a solar proton event without ground-level enhancement

Kataoka, Ryuho*; Nakagawa, Yumi*; Sato, Tatsuhiko

Annales Geophysicae (Internet), 33(1), p.75 - 78, 2015/07

 Times Cited Count:7 Percentile:27.73(Astronomy & Astrophysics)

A significant enhancement of radiation dose is expected for aircrews during ground-level enhancement (GLE) events, while the possible radiation hazard remains open question during on-GLE solar energetic particle (SEP) events. Using a new air shower simulation driven by the proton flux data obtained from GOES satellites, we show the possibility of significant enhancement of the effective dose rate of up to 4.5 $$mu$$Sv/h$$^{-1}$$ at conventional flight altitude of 12 km during the largest SEP event which did not cause a GLE. As a result, new GOES-driven model is proposed to give the upper limit of the radiation dose in the stratosphere during non-GLE SEP events.

Journal Articles

Air shower simulation for WASAVIES; Warning system for aviation exposure to solar energetic particles

Sato, Tatsuhiko; Kataoka, Ryuho*; Yasuda, Hiroshi*; Yashiro, Seiji*; Kuwabara, Takao*; Shiota, Daiko*; Kubo, Yuki*

Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 161(1-4), p.274 - 278, 2014/10

 Times Cited Count:22 Percentile:85.38(Environmental Sciences)

We applied our simulation technique to the analysis of air shower induced by mono-energetic protons and alpha particles, which are the dominant component of SEP. The results of the simulations were summarized in a database containing particle fluxes for each condition as a function of the atmospheric depth. This database was then incorporated into our developing Warning System of AVIation Exposure to SEP called WASAVIES. In this system, the aircrew doses due to SEP exposure are estimated within 6 hours after the flare onset, using the established database multiplied with the SEP fluxes incident to the earth. The MHD Cube model is employed in the determination of the incident SEP fluxes. The procedures for the air shower simulation together with some initial results of the aircrew dose calculations for past ground-level enhancement (GLE) events will be presented at the meeting.

Journal Articles

Radiation dose forecast of WASAVIES during ground-level enhancement

Kataoka, Ryuho*; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Kubo, Yuki*; Shiota, Daiko*; Kuwabara, Takao*; Yashiro, Seiji*; Yasuda, Hiroshi*

Space Weather, 12(6), p.380 - 386, 2014/06

 Times Cited Count:19 Percentile:52(Astronomy & Astrophysics)

Solar energetic particles (SEP) sometimes induce air shower that significantly increase the radiation dose at flight altitudes. In order to inform the situation of such a space radiation hazard to aircrews, a physics-based forward model is developed as WASAVIES (Warning System for Aviation Exposure to SEP) based on the focused transport equation and Monte Carlo particle transport simulation of the air shower. WASAVIES gives the fastest and simplest way to predict the time profile of dose rate during ground-level enhancements (GLEs).

Journal Articles

The Nebula Winter; The United view of the snowball Earth, mass extinctions, and explosive evolution in the late Neoproterozoic and Cambrian periods

Kataoka, Ryuho*; Ebisuzaki, Toshikazu*; Miyahara, Hiroko*; Nimura, Tokuhiro*; Tomida, Takayuki*; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Maruyama, Shigenori*

Gondwana Research, 25(3), p.1153 - 1163, 2014/04

 Times Cited Count:23 Percentile:57.96(Geosciences, Multidisciplinary)

We propose the Nebula Winter model to explain catastrophic events of the earth, such as mass extinctions and snowball earth events. Encounters with nebulae, such as supernova remnants and dark clouds in the galaxy, can lead to a catastrophic environmental change on the Earth through the destruction of the ozone layer and climate forcing by enhanced fluxes of cosmic rays and cosmic dust particles.

Journal Articles

Predicting radiation dose aircraft from solar energetic particles

Kataoka, Ryuho*; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Yasuda, Hiroshi*

Space Weather, 9(8), p.S08004_1 - S08004_2, 2011/08

 Times Cited Count:12 Percentile:36.19(Astronomy & Astrophysics)

We held a half day session entitled "Predicting radiation dose from solar energetic particles" in the Japan Geoscience Union 2011 Meeting on 24 May 2011, in response to increasing public interest for space radiation dose during the ascending phase of the solar cycle 24. This is the first session in Japan to discuss the fundamental problems to predict the aviation radiation dose from SEP, provides a unique start point of an interdisciplinary approach.

Journal Articles

Explosive volcanic eruptions triggered by cosmic rays; Volcano as a bubble chamber

Ebisuzaki, Toshikazu*; Miyahara, Hiroko*; Kataoka, Ryuho*; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Ishimine, Yasuhiro*

Gondwana Research, 19(4), p.1054 - 1061, 2011/06

 Times Cited Count:7 Percentile:24.19(Geosciences, Multidisciplinary)

We examined the timing of 11 eruptive events that produced silica-rich magma from four volcanoes in Japan (Mt. Fuji, Mt. Usu, Myojin-sho, and Satsuma-Iwo-jima) over the past 306 years (from AD 1700 to AD 2005). Nine of the 11 events occurred during inactive phases of solar magnetic activity (solar minimum), which is well indexed by the group sunspot number. This strong association between eruption timing and the solar minimum is statistically significant to a confidence level of 96.7%. This relationship is not observed for eruptions from volcanoes with relatively silica-poor magma, such as Izu-Ohshima.

Oral presentation

Analytical model for calculating GCR spectra in the atmosphere PARMA/EXPACS and its future application to SEP

Sato, Tatsuhiko; Kataoka, Ryuho*; Yasuda, Hiroshi*

no journal, , 

The details of the analytical model for calculating GCR spectra in the atmosphere PARMA/EXPACS and its future application to the SEP research will be discussed in the presentation.

36 (Records 1-20 displayed on this page)