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Journal Articles

Development of advanced inductive scenarios for ITER

Luce, T. C.*; Challis, C. D.*; Ide, Shunsuke; Joffrin, E.*; Kamada, Yutaka; Politzer, P. A.*; Schweinzer, J.*; Sips, A. C. C.*; Stober, J.*; Giruzzi, G.*; et al.

Nuclear Fusion, 54(1), p.013015_1 - 013015_15, 2013/12

 Times Cited Count:29 Percentile:83.75(Physics, Fluids & Plasmas)

Journal Articles

Energetic ion transport by microturbulence is insignificant in tokamaks

Pace, D. C.*; Austin, M. E.*; Bass, E. M.*; Budny, R.*; Heidbrink, W. W.*; Hillesheim, J. C.*; Holcomb, C. T.*; Gorelenkova, M.*; Grierson, B. A.*; McCune, D. C.*; et al.

Physics of Plasmas, 20(5), p.056108_1 - 056108_18, 2013/05

 Times Cited Count:32 Percentile:82.46(Physics, Fluids & Plasmas)

Energetic ion transport due to microturbulence is investigated in MHD-quiescent plasmas by way of neutral beam injection in the DIII-D tokamak. A range of on-axis and off-axis beam injection scenarios are employed to vary relevant parameters such as the character of the background microturbulence and the value of Eb/Te, where Eb is the energetic ion energy and Te the electron temperature. In all cases it is found that any transport enhancement due to microturbulence is too small to observe experimentally. These transport effects are modeled using numerical and analytic expectations that calculate the energetic ion diffusivity due to microturbulence. It is determined that energetic ion transport due to coherent modes, including possible reductions in neutral beam current drive, is a considerably larger effect and should therefore be considered more important for ITER.

Journal Articles

Validation of on- and off-axis neutral beam current drive against experiment in DIII-D

Park, J. M.*; Murakami, Masanori*; Petty, C. C.*; Heidbrink, W. W.*; Osborne, T. H.*; Holcomb, C. T.*; Van Zeeland, M. A.*; Prater, R.*; Luce, T. C.*; Wade, M. R.*; et al.

Physics of Plasmas, 16(9), p.092508_1 - 092508_10, 2009/09

 Times Cited Count:23 Percentile:64.7(Physics, Fluids & Plasmas)

Neutral beam current drive (NBCD) experiments in DIII-D using vertically shifted plasmas to move the current drive away from the axis have clearly demonstrated robust off-axis NBCD. Time-dependent measurements of magnetic pitch angles by the motional Stark effect diagnostic are used to obtain the evolution of the poloidal magnetic flux, which indicates a broad off-axis NBCD profile with a peak at about half the plasma radius. In most cases, the measured off-axis NBCD profile is consistent with calculations using an orbit-following Monte-Carlo code for the beam ion slowing down including finite-orbit effects, provided there is no large-scale MHD activity such as Alfv$'e$n eigenmodes modes or sawteeth. Good agreement is found between the measured pitch angles and those from simulations using transport-equilibrium codes. Two-dimensional image of Doppler-shifted fast ion D$$alpha$$ light emitted by neutralized energetic ions shows clear evidence for a hollow profile of beam ion density, consistent with classical beam ion slowing down. The magnitude of off-axis NBCD is sensitive to the alignment of the beam injection relative to the helical pitch of the magnetic field lines. If the signs of B and I yield the proper helicity, both measurement and calculation indicate that the efficiency is as good as on-axis NBCD because the increased fraction of trapped electrons reduces the electron shielding of the injected ion current, in contrast with electron current drive schemes where the trapping of electrons degrades the efficiency. The measured off-axis NBCD increases approximately linearly with the injection power, although a modest amount of fast ion diffusion is needed to explain an observed difference in the NBCD profile between the measurement and the calculation at high injection power.

Journal Articles

Off-axis neutral beam current drive for advanced scenario development in DIII-D

Murakami, Masanori*; Park, J. M.*; Petty, C. C.*; Luce, T. C.*; Heidbrink, W. W.*; Osborne, T. H.*; Prater, R.*; Wade, M. R.*; Anderson, P. M.*; Austin, M. E.*; et al.

Nuclear Fusion, 49(6), p.065031_1 - 065031_8, 2009/06

 Times Cited Count:43 Percentile:82.92(Physics, Fluids & Plasmas)

Modification of the two existing DIII-D neutral beam lines is planned to allow vertical steering to provide off-axis neutral beam current drive (NBCD) peaked as far off-axis as half the plasma minor radius. New calculations for a downward-steered beam indicate strong current drive with good localization off-axis so long as the toroidal magnetic field, BT, and the plasma current, Ip, point in the same direction. This is due to good alignment of neutral beam injection (NBI) with the local pitch of the magnetic field lines. This model has been tested experimentally on DIII-D by an injecting equatorially-mounted NBs into reduced size plasmas that are vertically displaced with respect to the vessel midplane. The existence of off-axis NBCD is evident in the changes seen in sawtooth behavior in the internal inductance. By shifting the plasma upward or downward, or by changing the sign of the toroidal field, measured off-axis NBCD profiles measured with motional Stark effect data and internal loop voltage show a difference in amplitude (40%-45%) consistent with predicted differences predicted by the changed NBI alignment with respect to the helicity of the magnetic field lines. The effects of NB injection direction relative to field line helicity can be large even in ITER: off-axis NBCD can be increased by more than 20% if the BT direction is reversed. Modification of the DIII-D NB system will strongly support scenario development for ITER and future tokamaks as well as providing flexible scientific tools for understanding transport, energetic particles and heating and current drive.

Journal Articles

Experimental tests of paleoclassical transport

Callen, J. D.*; Anderson, J. K.*; Arlen, T. C.*; Bateman, G.*; Budny, R. V.*; Fujita, Takaaki; Greenfield, C. M.*; Greenwald, M.*; Groebner, R. J.*; Hill, D. N.*; et al.

Nuclear Fusion, 47(11), p.1449 - 1457, 2007/11

 Times Cited Count:7 Percentile:25.9(Physics, Fluids & Plasmas)

no abstracts in English

Journal Articles

Stabilization and prevention of the 2/1 neoclassical tearing mode for improved performance in DIII-D

Prater, R.*; La Haye, R. J.*; Luce, T. C.*; Petty, C. C.*; Strait, E. J.*; Ferron, J. R.*; Humphreys, D. A.*; Isayama, Akihiko; Lohr, J.*; Nagasaki, Kazunobu*; et al.

Nuclear Fusion, 47(5), p.371 - 377, 2007/05

 Times Cited Count:58 Percentile:87.13(Physics, Fluids & Plasmas)

The $$m=2$$ /$$n=1$$ neoclassical tearing mode (NTM) has been observed to strongly degrade confinement and frequently lead to a disruption in high $$beta$$ discharges in DIII-D if allowed to grow to large size. Stabilization of grown NTMs by application of highly localized electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) at the island location has led to operation at increased plasma pressure, up to the no-wall kink limit. After the NTM is stabilized by the ECCD, the correct location for the current drive is maintained using information from real-time equilibrium reconstructions which include measurements from the motional Stark effect diagnostic. This same process is used alternatively to prevent the mode from ever growing, leading to performance at the pressure limit in high performance hybrid discharges with $$beta$$ above 4%. Modeling using the modified Rutherford equation shows that the required power is in close agreement with the experimental threshold for prevention of the 2/1 NTM.

Journal Articles

Recent progress on the development and analysis of the ITPA global H-mode confinement database

McDonald, D. C.*; Cordey, J. G.*; Thomsen, K.*; Kardaun, O. J. W. F.*; Snipes, J. A.*; Greenwald, M.*; Sugiyama, L.*; Ryter, F.*; Kus, A.*; Stober, J.*; et al.

Nuclear Fusion, 47(3), p.147 - 174, 2007/03

 Times Cited Count:50 Percentile:29.82(Physics, Fluids & Plasmas)

This paper describes the updates to and analysis of the International Tokamak Physics Activity (ITPA) Global H-node Confinement Database version 3 (DB3) over the period 1994-2004. Global data, for the energy confinement time and its controlling parameters, have now been collected from 18 machines of different sizes and shapes: ASDEX, ASDEX Upgrade, C-Mod CoMPASS-D, DIII-D, JET, JFT-2M, JT-60U, MAST, NSTX, PBX-M, PDX, START, T-10, TCV, TdeV, TFTR and TUMAN-3M. A wide range of physics studies has been performed on DB3 with particular progress made in the separation of core and edge behavior, dimensionless parameter analyses and the comparison of the database with one-dimensional transport code. A key aim of the database has always been to provide a basis for estimating the energy confinement properties of next step machines such as ITER, and so the impact of the database and its analysis on such machines is also discussed.

Journal Articles

Prevention of the 2/1 neoclassical tearing mode in DIII-D

Prater, R.*; La Haye, R. J.*; Luce, T. C.*; Petty, C. C.*; Strait, E. J.*; Ferron, J. R.*; Humphreys, D. A.*; Isayama, Akihiko; Lohr, J.*; Nagasaki, Kazunobu*; et al.

Proceedings of 21st IAEA Fusion Energy Conference (FEC 2006) (CD-ROM), 8 Pages, 2007/03

Onset of the m/n=2/1 neoclassical tearing mode (NTM) has been prevented in high-performance DIII-D discharges using localized electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD). Active tracking of the $$q$$=2 surface location, using real-time equilibrium reconstructions with motional Stark effect data, allows the current drive to be maintained at the rational surface even in the absence of a detectable mode. With the application of this technique in DIII-D hybrid discharges, the 2/1 mode is avoided and good energy confinement is maintained for more than 1 second with $$beta$$ at the estimated n=1 no-wall stability limit for ideal kink modes ($$beta$$$$_{rm T}$$ approximately equals 3.9 % and normalized beta $$beta$$$$_{rm N}$$ approximately equals 3.2). The results can be understood through modeling using the modified Rutherford equation.

Journal Articles

The Role of aspect ratio and beta in H-mode confinement scalings

Kaye, S. M.*; Valovic, M.*; Chudnovskiy, A.*; Cordey, J. G.*; McDonald, D.*; Meakins, A.*; Thomsen, K.*; Akers, R.*; Bracco, G.*; Brickley, C.*; et al.

Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 48(5A), p.A429 - A438, 2006/05

 Times Cited Count:15 Percentile:46.15(Physics, Fluids & Plasmas)

The effects of aspect ratio and beta on confinement scaling are studied with the use of the H-mode database extended by the low aspect ratio data from NSTX and MAST. Various statistical methods are applied. Development of scalings using engineering parameters as predictor variables results in the inverse-aspect-ratio scaling with the range from 0.38 to 1.29. The transformation of these scalings to physics variables results in an unfavorouble dependence of the normalized energy confinement time on beta. There is a strong correlation between the inverse aspect ratio and beta, and this makes scalings based on physics variables imprecise.

Journal Articles

Scaling of the energy confinement time with $$beta$$ and collisionality approaching ITER conditions

Cordey, J. G.*; Thomsen, K.*; Chudnovskiy, A.*; Kardaun, O. J. W. F.*; Takizuka, Tomonori; Snipes, J. A.*; Greenwald, M.*; Sugiyama, L.*; Ryter, F.*; Kus, A.*; et al.

Nuclear Fusion, 45(9), p.1078 - 1084, 2005/09

 Times Cited Count:51 Percentile:82.47(Physics, Fluids & Plasmas)

The condition of the latest version of the ELMy H-mode database has been re-examined. It is shown that there is bias in the ordinary least squares regression for some of the variables. To address these shortcomings three different techniques are employed: (a)principal component regression, (b)an error in variables technique and (c)the selection of a better conditioned dataset with fewer variables. Scalings in terms of the dimensionless physics valiables, as well as the standard set of engineering variables, are derived. The new scalings give a very similar performance for existing scalings for ITER at the standard beta, but a much improvement performance at higher beta.

Journal Articles

Toroidal electric field effect and non-linear effect on electron cyclotron current drive in JT-60U

Suzuki, Takahiro; Ide, Shunsuke; Hamamatsu, Kiyotaka; Petty, C. C.*; Lao, L. L.*; Isayama, Akihiko; Fujita, Takaaki; Ikeda, Yoshitaka; Seki, Masami; Moriyama, Shinichi; et al.

Purazuma, Kaku Yugo Gakkai-Shi, 80(6), p.511 - 515, 2004/06

no abstracts in English

Journal Articles

Heating and current drive by electron cyclotron waves in JT-60U

Suzuki, Takahiro; Ide, Shunsuke; Hamamatsu, Kiyotaka; Isayama, Akihiko; Fujita, Takaaki; Petty, C. C.*; Ikeda, Yoshitaka; Kajiwara, Ken*; Naito, Osamu; Seki, Masami; et al.

Nuclear Fusion, 44(7), p.699 - 708, 2004/05

 Times Cited Count:31 Percentile:69.28(Physics, Fluids & Plasmas)

no abstracts in English

Journal Articles

Radiofrequency experiments in JFT-2M; Demonstration of innovative applications of a travelling wave antenna

Ogawa, Toshihide; Hoshino, Katsumichi; Kanazawa, Sadayoshi*; Saigusa, Mikio*; Ido, Takeshi*; Kawashima, Hisato; Kasuya, N.*; Takase, Yuichi*; Kimura, Haruyuki; Miura, Yukitoshi; et al.

Nuclear Fusion, 41(12), p.1767 - 1775, 2001/12

 Times Cited Count:32 Percentile:71.05(Physics, Fluids & Plasmas)

no abstracts in English

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