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Journal Articles

Applicability assessment of external monitoring information for direct disposal system

Shiba, Tomooki; Tomikawa, Hirofumi; Yamaguchi, Tomoki

Dai-41-Kai Nihon Kaku Busshitsu Kanri Gakkai Nenji Taikai Kaigi Rombunshu (Internet), 4 Pages, 2020/11

Journal Articles

Chapter 7, Research and development and international cooperation on nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear security

Tomikawa, Hirofumi; Koizumi, Mitsuo; Tamai, Hiroshi

Genshiryoku Heiwa Riyo To Kakufukakusan, Kakusekyuritei; NSA/Commentaries, No.25, p.167 - 174, 2020/06

Japan's efforts for research and development on nuclear material detection and nuclear forensics and international cooperation are introduced focusing on the various aspects implemented in JAEA.

JAEA Reports

Final report on feasibility study of Pu monitoring and solution measurement of high active liquid waste containing fission product at Reprocessing Facility

Sekine, Megumi; Matsuki, Takuya; Suzuki, Satoshi*; Tsutagi, Koichi; Nishida, Naoki; Kitao, Takahiko; Tomikawa, Hirofumi; Nakamura, Hironobu; LaFleur, A.*; Browne, M.*

JAEA-Technology 2019-023, 160 Pages, 2020/03

JAEA-Technology-2019-023.pdf:9.43MB

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has proposed in its Research and Development plan (STR-385), the development of technology to enable real-time flow measurement of nuclear material as a part of an advanced approach to effective and efficient safeguards for reprocessing facilities. To address this, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) has been tackling development of a new detector to enable monitoring of Pu in solutions with numerous FPs as a joint research program with U.S. DOE to cover whole reprocessing process. In this study, High Active Liquid Waste (HALW) Storage Facility in Tokai Reprocessing Plant was used as the test field. At first, the design information of HALW storage tank and radiation (type and intensity) were investigated to develop a Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code (MCNP) model. And then, dose rate distribution outside/ inside of the concrete cell where the HALW tank is located was measured to design new detectors and check MCNP model applicability. Using the newly designed detectors, gamma rays and neutron were continuously measured at the outside/ inside of the concrete cell to assess the radiation characteristics and to optimize detector position. Finally, the applicability for Pu monitoring technology was evaluated based on the simulation results and gamma-ray/neutron measurement results. We have found that there is possibility to monitor the change of Pu amount in solution by combination both of gamma-ray and neutron measurement. The results of this study suggested the applicability and capability of the Pu motoring to enhance safeguards for entire reprocessing facility which handles Pu with FP as a feasibility study. This is final report of this project.

Journal Articles

Study on technologies for safeguards and nuclear security applied to direct disposal facilities for spent fuel

Shiba, Tomooki; Tomikawa, Hirofumi

Nihon Kaku Busshitsu Kanri Gakkai Dai-40-Kai Nenji Taikai Puroshidhingusushu, 3 Pages, 2019/11

no abstracts in English

Journal Articles

Feasibility study result of advanced solution measurement and monitoring technology for reprocessing facility

Sekine, Megumi; Matsuki, Takuya; Suzuki, Satoshi*; Tsutagi, Koichi; Tomikawa, Hirofumi; Nakamura, Hironobu; LaFleur, A.*; Browne, M.*

Proceedings of IAEA Symposium on International Safeguards; Building Future Safeguards Capabilities (Internet), 8 Pages, 2018/11

The IAEA has proposed, in its Research and Development plan (STR-385), the development of technology to enable real-time flow measurement of nuclear material as part of an advanced approach to effective and efficient safeguards for reprocessing facilities. To address this, JAEA and JNFL had previously designed and developed a neutron coincidence based non-destructive assay system to monitor Pu in solution directly after a purification process. To enhance this technology for entire reprocessing facilities, as a feasibility study, JAEA has been tackling development of a new detector to enable monitoring of Pu in solutions with numerous fission products (FPs) as a joint research program with the U.S. DOE. In this study, the High Active Liquid Waste (HALW) Storage Facility in Tokai Reprocessing Plant (TRP) was used as the test bed. The design information of the HALW storage tank and radiation (type and intensity) were investigated, to develop a Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code (MCNP) model. Then, dose rate distribution inside the concrete cell where the HALW tank is located was measured, to enable design of new detectors and check the integrity of the MCNP model and its applicability. Using the newly-designed detectors, $$gamma$$-rays and neutrons could be measured continuously at the outside/inside of the concrete cell, to optimize detector position and the radiation characteristics. The applicability as a Pu-monitoring technology was evaluated, based on the simulation results and $$gamma$$-ray/neutron measurement results. We have found that there is a possibility to monitor the change of Pu amount in solution by combination of $$gamma$$-ray and neutron measurements. The results of this study suggest a feasibility study into the applicability and capability of Pu monitoring to enhance the entire reprocessing facility handling Pu with FPs. In this paper, a summary of the project will be presented.

Journal Articles

Proliferation resistance and safeguardability of very high temperature reactor

Shiba, Tomooki; Tomikawa, Hirofumi; Hori, Masato

Proceedings of IAEA Symposium on International Safeguards; Building Future Safeguards Capabilities (Internet), 6 Pages, 2018/11

Journal Articles

Demonstration of $$gamma$$-ray pipe-monitoring capabilities for real-time process monitoring safeguards applications in reprocessing facilities

Rodriguez, D.; Tanigawa, Masafumi; Nishimura, Kazuaki; Mukai, Yasunobu; Nakamura, Hironobu; Kurita, Tsutomu; Takamine, Jun; Suzuki, Satoshi*; Sekine, Megumi; Rossi, F.; et al.

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 55(7), p.792 - 804, 2018/07

 Times Cited Count:0 Percentile:0.01(Nuclear Science & Technology)

Nuclear material in reprocessing facilities is safeguarded by random sample verification with additional continuous monitoring applied to solution masses and volume in important tanks to maintain continuity-of-knowledge of process operation. Measuring the unique $$gamma$$ rays of each solution as the material flows through pipes connecting all tanks and process apparatuses could potentially improve process monitoring by verifying the compositions in real time. We tested this $$gamma$$ ray pipe-monitoring method using plutonium-nitrate solution transferred between tanks at the PCDF-TRP. The $$gamma$$ rays were measured using a lanthanum-bromide detector with a list-mode data acquisition system to obtain both time and energy of $$gamma$$-ray. The analysis and results of this measurement demonstrate an ability to determine isotopic composition, process timing, flow rate, and volume of solution flowing through pipes, introducing a viable capability for process monitoring safeguards verification.

Journal Articles

Development of detection and measurement technologies for Nuclear Non-proliferation and Security at JAEA

Koizumi, Mitsuo; Seya, Michio; Tomikawa, Hirofumi; Hori, Masato; Naoi, Yosuke

Proceedings of INMM 59th Annual Meeting (Internet), 8 Pages, 2018/07

no abstracts in English

Journal Articles

Feasibility study of technology for Pu solution monitoring including FP; Development of gamma spectra detector for high active liquid waste

Sekine, Megumi; Matsuki, Takuya; Tokoro, Hayate; Tsutagi, Koichi; Kitao, Takahiko; Nakamura, Hironobu; Tomikawa, Hirofumi

Proceedings of INMM 59th Annual Meeting (Internet), 10 Pages, 2018/07

In a reprocessing facility, it is necessary to develop a detector which can measure plutonium (Pu) content in the Pu solutions containing fission products (FP) in order to expand the application of Pu monitoring. In order to establish this technology, JAEA has studied a system measure $$gamma$$-rays was utilized since it applicable for Pu monitoring. Ce:GAGG (Ce:Gd$$_{3}$$Al$$_{2}$$Ga$$_{3}$$O$$_{12}$$) scintillator detector can measure a wide energy range in a high-dose environment and has reasonable resolution. $$gamma$$-ray measurements were performed inside of the concrete cell containing the High Active Liquid Waste tank at the Tokai reprocessing plant. In the spectra, the two significant peaks were measured by the GAGG above 800 keV and were considered to be from Eu-154. There $$gamma$$-ray measurements will be combined with previous neutron measurements and both will be compared to MCNP models for future Pu monitoring technology. This presentation will describe the detector selection, the design system, the results of $$gamma$$-ray spectral measurements and the applicability for Pu monitoring. This project has been carried out under the support of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of the Japanese government.

Journal Articles

Feasibility study of technology for Pu solution monitoring including FP; Design of GAGG detector and gamma spectrum measurement

Sekine, Megumi; Matsuki, Takuya; Tokoro, Hayate; Tsutagi, Koichi; Tomikawa, Hirofumi; Nakamura, Hironobu

Nihon Kaku Busshitsu Kanri Gakkai Dai-38-Kai Nenji Taikai Rombunshu (Internet), 9 Pages, 2018/04

In a reprocessing facility, it is necessary to develop a detector which is measurable plutonium (Pu) amount in the Pu solution containing the Fission Product (FP) in order to expand the application of Pu monitoring. To investigate $$gamma$$ rays which is applicable for Pu monitoring, Ce:GAGG (Ce: Gd$$_{3}$$Al$$_{2}$$Ga$$_{3}$$O$$_{12}$$) scintillator which can measure a wide range of energy at high dose and has high resolution (Target: High Active Liquid Waste (HALW)) was newly designed and developed in deal with aim for Pu quantitativeness. $$gamma$$ ray measurement was performed to the HALW in the concrete cell using the detector, and it was confirmed that high energy $$gamma$$ rays (9.5 MeV) could be measured and high energy $$gamma$$ rays spectra over 3 MeV without deriving from FP at the first time. In this presentation, detector design, results of $$gamma$$ ray spectra measurement, applicability evaluation to Pu monitoring and the future plan are presented. This project has been carried out under the support of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of the Japanese government.

Journal Articles

New approach for monitoring of nuclear material in nitric acid solution using $$^{14}$$N(n,$$gamma$$)$$^{15}$$N reaction

Sekine, Megumi; Tomikawa, Hirofumi

Energy Procedia, 131, p.274 - 278, 2017/12

 Times Cited Count:0 Percentile:0.03

The IAEA has proposed in its long-term R&D plan, development of real-time measurement technology for monitoring and verifying nuclear material movement continuously. At a PULEX reprocessing facility, HNO$$_{3}$$ solution with dissolved spent fuel, such as FPs and nuclear materials, flows in pipes and stores in tanks. In order to detect and deter nuclear material being stolen from the process, measuring the 10.8 MeV $$gamma$$ rays emitted by $$^{14}$$N(n,$$gamma$$)$$^{15}$$N reaction activated by spontaneous neutrons might be useful for continuous monitoring of liquid flow. In general, since high dose $$gamma$$ rays emitted from FPs are dominant below 3 MeV, it is expected that the 10.8 MeV peak would not be affected by the FP peaks. As the first step, some kinds of detectors and measurement configuration were analyzed through MCNP based on 10.8 MeV $$gamma$$ rays activated by neutrons from a $$^{252}$$Cf source.

Journal Articles

A Simple method to create gamma-ray-source spectrum for passive gamma technique

Shiba, Tomooki; Maeda, Shigetaka; Sagara, Hiroshi*; Ishimi, Akihiro; Tomikawa, Hirofumi

Energy Procedia, 131, p.250 - 257, 2017/12

 Times Cited Count:0 Percentile:0.03

In the present paper, the $$gamma$$ ray source data was developed for the debris composition based on "best estimates", and the subsequent photon transportation calculation was performed to evaluate the leakage $$gamma$$ ray spectra according to the fuel debris. Since the creation of the line spectrum source requires a great deal, we have developed the relatively simple but accurate enough method to build up $$gamma$$ ray source, coupling of baseline spectra evaluated by ORIGEN2 code and several line spectra of interest. One of the advantages of the method is taking bremsstrahlung X rays into consideration by utilizing the bremsstrahlung libraries of ORIGEN2. The new $$gamma$$ ray source was used to calculate the detector response of HPGe detector and the results was compared as a benchmark with experimental measurement results of irradiated fuel pins. As the result, the simulated $$gamma$$ ray spectrum shape agreed well with the shape of $$gamma$$ ray spectrum obtained by the experiment.

Journal Articles

Characterization study of four candidate technologies for nuclear material quantification in fuel debris at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station

Nagatani, Taketeru; Komeda, Masao; Shiba, Tomooki; Nauchi, Yasushi*; Maeda, Makoto; Sagara, Hiroshi*; Kosuge, Yoshihiro*; Kureta, Masatoshi; Tomikawa, Hirofumi; Okumura, Keisuke; et al.

Energy Procedia, 131, p.258 - 263, 2017/12

 Times Cited Count:8 Percentile:98.37

Journal Articles

Characterization study of four candidate technologies for nuclear material quantification in fuel debris at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, 3; Numerical simulation of passive gamma technique

Shiba, Tomooki; Sagara, Hiroshi*; Tomikawa, Hirofumi

Proceedings of International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Conference (GLOBAL 2017) (USB Flash Drive), 3 Pages, 2017/09

Since the removal of fuel debris from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant is planned to commence in 2021, measurement technologies for quantification of the nuclear material in fuel debris will be required for appropriate nuclear material management. In this paper, an outline of a passive gamma technique as one of the measurement technologies is briefly described, and the results of phase 1 and 2 of the so-called common set of simulation models for fuel debris and canisters are reported. The newly developed coupling method is applied to produce a gamma ray source for simulation. As the result of phase 1, it is revealed that the variation in the composition of fuel debris does not affect the gamma ray leakage behavior from canisters. According to the result of phase 2, the primary peak of Eu-154 at 1.27 MeV is clearly observable, although the debris is centrally located in canister. In addition, rotational scanning is effective for correcting the deviation in detection efficiency due to debris located off-center in canisters.

Journal Articles

Prospective features for integration of nuclear forensics capability in national framework

Tamai, Hiroshi; Okubo, Ayako; Kimura, Yoshiki; Shinohara, Nobuo; Tazaki, Makiko; Shimizu, Ryo; Suda, Kazunori; Tomikawa, Hirofumi

Proceedings of INMM 58th Annual Meeting (Internet), 6 Pages, 2017/07

Nuclear forensics is a technical measure to analyse and collate samples of illegally used nuclear materials, etc., to clarify their origins, routes, etc. and contribute to criminal identifications. Close collaboration with police and judicial organizations is essential. The national response framework is being built up with international cooperation. Discussions on promoting technical capability and regional cooperation are presented.

Journal Articles

Feasibility study of advanced measurement technology for solution monitoring at reprocessing plant; Dose rate measurement for the solution including Pu with FP

Matsuki, Takuya; Yamanaka, Atsushi; Sekine, Megumi; Suzuki, Satoshi*; Yasuda, Takeshi; Tsutagi, Koichi; Tomikawa, Hirofumi; Nakamura, Hironobu; LaFleur, A. M.*; Browne, M. C.*

Proceedings of INMM 58th Annual Meeting (Internet), 8 Pages, 2017/07

The Tokai Reprocessing Plant (TRP) has been developing a new detector from 2015 to 2017 for purpose to monitor Pu amount in High Active Liquid Waste (HALW) containing FP. It can make a contribution to an advanced approach to effectively and efficiently conduct safeguards for reprocessing facilities because it becomes available to monitor and verify nuclear material movement continuously by a new detector, which has proposed by IAEA. For the second step of this project, we conducted dose rate measurement on the guide rail installing in the cell storing the HALW tank and comparison between measured dose rate distribution and calculation result by MCNP simulation in order to investigate the dose rate distribution which is needed for shielding design of a new detector that is used for radiation (neutron/$$gamma$$ spectrum) measurement in the cell and inquest on the monitoring position of the detector for Pu monitoring. In this paper, we report the result of the dose rate measurement in the cell, improvement of the simulation model which is cleared by comparison between measurement result and calculation result and our future plan.

Journal Articles

Applicability evaluation of candidate technologies for nuclear material quantification in fuel debris at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station; Passive gamma technique

Shiba, Tomooki; Tomikawa, Hirofumi; Sagara, Hiroshi*; Ishimi, Akihiro

57th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management (INMM 2016), Vol.1, p.365 - 374, 2017/02

Fission products (FPs) such as Ce and Eu seem to be very low volatile even in high temperature environment in the severe accident of nuclear reactors. They are supposed to chemically coexist with nuclear fuel. In our passive gamma ray spectroscopy, gamma rays from such FPs are measured and their amount and burnup are estimated. Then we multiply the mass ratio of the FPs and nuclear materials, and we obtain the mass of nuclear material of interest. According to hypothetical fuel debris and canister models, we performed simulation of leakage gamma rays from canister of debris. gamma ray source spectra were derived from the composition of the hypothetical fuel debris and the photon transport calculation was carried out. In addition, we conducted experiments of gamma ray measurement from intact spent fuels irradiated in the Experimental Fast Reactor Joyo in order to validate the prediction performance of the simulation by the comparison of the experiments and simulation.

Journal Articles

Technical/institutional prerequisite for nuclear forensics response framework

Tamai, Hiroshi; Okubo, Ayako; Kimura, Yoshiki; Kokaji, Lisa; Shinohara, Nobuo; Tomikawa, Hirofumi

Dai-37-Kai Kaku Busshitsu Kanri Gakkai Nihon Shibu Nenji Taikai Rombunshu (CD-ROM), 8 Pages, 2017/02

Nuclear Forensics capability has been developed under the international collaborations. For its effective function, technical development in analysis of seized nuclear materials as well as the institutional development in comprehensive response framework are required under individual national responsibility. In order to keep the "chain of custody" in the proper operation of sample collection at the event scene, radiological analysis at the laboratory, storage of the samples, and further inspection and trial, close cooperation and information sharing between relevant organisations are essential. IAEA issues the Implementing Guide to provide the model action plan and assists individual national development. International cooperation for the technical improvement and awareness cultivation is promoted. Examples in such national developments will be introduced and prospective technical/institutional prerequisite for nuclear forensics response framework will be studied.

Journal Articles

Feasibility study of advanced technology for Pu with FP solution monitoring; Overview of research plan and modelling for simulation

Sekine, Megumi; Matsuki, Takuya; Suzuki, Satoshi; Tanigawa, Masafumi; Yasuda, Takeshi; Yamanaka, Atsushi; Tsutagi, Koichi; Nakamura, Hironobu; Tomikawa, Hirofumi; LaFleur, A. M.*; et al.

EUR-28795-EN (Internet), p.788 - 796, 2017/00

The IAEA has proposed in its long-term R&D plan, the development of technology to enable real-time flow measurement of nuclear material as a part of an advanced approach to effective and efficient safeguards for reprocessing facilities. To address this, JAEA has designed and developed a neutron coincidence based nondestructive assay system to monitor Pu directly in solutions which is after purification process and contains very little fission products (FPs). A new detector to enable monitoring of Pu in solutions with numerous FPs is being developed as a joint research program with U.S. DOE at the High Active Liquid Waste (HALW) Storage Facility in Tokai Reprocessing Plant. As the first step, the design information of HALW tank was investigated and samples of HALW was taken and analyzed for Pu concentration and isotope composition, density, content of dominant nuclides emitting $$gamma$$ ray or neutron, etc. in order to develop a Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code (MCNP) of the HALW tank. In addition, $$gamma$$ ray source spectra simulated by Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) was developed by extracting peaks from the analysis data with germanium detector. These outputs are used for the fundamental data in the MCNP model which is then used to evaluate the type of detector, shielding design and measurement positions. In order to evaluate available radiations to measure outside the cell wall, continuous $$gamma$$ ray and neutron measurement were carried out and the results were compared to the simulation results. The measurement results showed that there are no FP peaks above 3 MeV. This paper presents an overview of the research plan, characteristics of HALW, development of source term for MCNP, simulation of radiation dose from the HALW tank and radiation measurement results at outside of cell wall.

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