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Far-field stress dependency of the failure mode of damage-zone fractures in fault zones; Results from laboratory tests and field observations of siliceous mudstone

断層のダメージゾーンにおける亀裂破壊様式の広域応力依存性; 珪質岩を対象とした室内実験および野外観測の結果より

石井 英一   

Ishii, Eiichi

断層のダメージゾーンにおける肉眼スケールの破壊様式(引張性/せん断性)は断層の水理特性に影響を与える。ダメージゾーンにおける破壊は断層沿いの応力集中に伴う局所的な差応力の増大あるいは有効垂直応力の低下によって引き起こされるとする想定とグリフィスクーロン理論に基づくと、広域応力場における有効中間応力が岩石の引張強度の2倍以下の場合に引張亀裂が断層から独占的に派生し得ることが示唆される。本研究では人工断層を入れた珪質泥岩供試体を用いて力学試験(非排水三軸試験と一軸試験)を行い、その断層端部に形成されるダメージゾーン亀裂の特徴と供試体に与えた有効中間応力とを比較した。その結果、上記の示唆と整合的な結果が得られた。同珪質泥岩中に発達するダメージゾーン亀裂のボーリングコア観察結果と現在の有効中間応力とを比較すると、同様の結果が得られた。実験室の圧裂引張試験より得られる引張強度は天然の歪速度下における長期的な強度としても用いることが可能であり、多数の引張亀裂を伴うよく連結し合った高透水性断層帯は有効中間応力が引張強度の2倍以下を経験したことのある岩盤領域にのみ発達し得ることが示唆される。

Macroscopic failure modes (extensional failure or shear failure) in fault damage zones influence hydrogeological properties of fault zones. Based on the Griffith-Coulomb criterion and a simple assumption that the failures are predominantly induced by increasing of differential stresses and/or decreasing of effective normal stresses due to stress concentration along faults, it is implied that extension fractures can exclusively propagate from the faults when the effective mean stress is less than twice the rock tensile strength, whereas shear fractures also can develop when the effective mean stress is more than twice the rock tensile strength, which suppresses the formation of extension fractures. In this study, mechanical tests (the undrained triaxial tests and the unconfined compressive strength tests) using siliceous mudstone specimens given artificial fault(s) were performed under multiple effective confining pressures. Comparison between the damage zone fractures formed at the fault tips by the tests and the loaded effective mean stresses provided results consistent with the above simple model. The similar results are also suggested from the occurrence of natural damage zone fractures observed in the same siliceous mudstone by core logging. Laboratory-measured tensile strengths could be used as the lower threshold strengths considering the strain rate and scale effects and it is implied that hard-linked highly permeable fault zones involving many extension fractures are limited to rock domains which have experienced the effective mean stress less than twice the tensile strength.

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パーセンタイル:70.61

分野:Geochemistry & Geophysics

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