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JAEA Reports

Development of a test method for electrochemical measurements of stainless steel in nitric acid solution containing neptunium-237 under gamma-ray irradiation

Yamashita, Naoki; Irisawa, Eriko; Kato, Chiaki; Sano, Naruto; Tagami, Susumu

JAEA-Technology 2022-035, 29 Pages, 2023/03

JAEA-Technology-2022-035.pdf:2.54MB

In the treatment process of the current commercial reprocessing plant (Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant), the high-level liquid waste concentrator is the equipment that treats the most corrosive solution. In the high-level liquid waste concentrator, the extracted liquid waste after separation of uranium and plutonium is heated, concentrated, and reduced in volume. Therefore, the amount of gamma- rays emitted from fission products and the concentration of corrosive metal ion species such as neptunium-237 ($$^{237}$$Np) are the highest in the reprocessing process, and the amount of corrosion in the high-level liquid waste concentrate canner is expected to be large. In this study, in order to clarify the effect of gamma-rays on the corrosion reaction of stainless steel in nitric acid solutions containing $$^{237}$$Np from the electrochemical viewpoint, the corrosion test apparatus for heat transfer surfaces in an airtight concrete cell at the Waste Safety TEsting Facility (WASTEF) of Nuclear Science Research Institute was modified to enable electrochemical measurements under gamma-ray irradiation. The effect of gamma-rays on the corrosion reaction taking place on the stainless steel surface was discussed from the electrochemical test results obtained. As a result, changes in the immersion potentials of stainless steel and the polarization curves due to chemical species caused by radiolysis of gamma-ray irradiation were confirmed.

Journal Articles

Introduction of Cu$$^{2+}$$ to the inside of the crevice by chelation and its effect on crevice corrosion of Type 316L stainless steel

Aoyama, Takahito; Kato, Chiaki

Corrosion Science, 210(2), p.110850_1 - 110850_10, 2023/01

 Times Cited Count:0

The chelated complex of Cu$$^{2+}$$: [Cu(EDTA)]$$^{2-}$$ was used to introduce Cu$$^{2+}$$ from outside to the inside of crevice. The introduced Cu$$^{2+}$$ was expected to act as an inhibitor for the crevice corrosion on stainless steels. Crevice corrosion tests, confirmed the introduction of Cu$$^{2+}$$ to the inside of the crevice via electromigration of [Cu(EDTA)]$$^{2-}$$ was confirmed. Migrated [Cu(EDTA)]$$^{2-}$$ reacted with H$$^{+}$$ and inhibited decrease in pH inside the crevice, where Cu$$^{2+}$$ was separated from [Cu(EDTA)]$$^{2-}$$ and suppressed active dissolution of the stainless steel.

Journal Articles

Approach to elucidate corrosion mechanism on metal surface using first-principles calculations

Igarashi, Takahiro; Otani, Kyohei; Komatsu, Atsushi; Kato, Chiaki; Sakairi, Masatoshi*

Bosei Kanri, 66(4), p.141 - 145, 2022/04

Metal corrosion is a material deterioration phenomenon based on electrochemical reactions on an atomic scale. In this paper, various methods for acquiring physical properties on metal surfaces using first-principles calculations were described. As examples of applying first-principles calculation to metal corrosion, the effect of hydrogen adsorption on the metal surface on the potential change and the effect of cation atoms in the aqueous solution on the corrosion resistance of the metal were reported.

Journal Articles

Effect of $$^{90}$$Sr dissolved solution on corrosion potential of type 316L stainless steel

Aoyama, Takahito; Kato, Chiaki; Sato, Tomonori; Sano, Naruto; Yamashita, Naoki; Ueno, Fumiyoshi

Zairyo To Kankyo, 71(4), p.110 - 115, 2022/04

no abstracts in English

Journal Articles

Polarization characteristics and evaluation of corrosion rate of stainless steel in nitric acid solution containing $$^{237}$$Np

Irisawa, Eriko; Kato, Chiaki; Yamashita, Naoki; Sano, Naruto

Zairyo To Kankyo, 71(3), p.70 - 74, 2022/03

In order to evaluate the corrosion of stainless steels used in spent nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities, the immersion corrosion tests and polarization measurements were performed using R-SUS304ULC stainless steel in nitric acid solution containing a kind of radionuclides, $$^{237}$$Np. At temperatures above 328 K, the corrosion potential was higher than that in nitric acid solution and was near the transpassive region. From the comparison between the corrosion amount calculated by the immersion corrosion tests and the polarization resistance, the values of $$k$$=0.018-0.025 V were obtained as a conversion factor, and the possibility of calculating the corrosion amount from the electrochemical measurement was examined.

Journal Articles

Effect of oxygen concentration on corrosion rate of carbon steel in air/solution alternating condition

Otani, Kyohei; Ueno, Fumiyoshi; Kato, Chiaki

Zairyo To Kankyo, 71(2), p.40 - 45, 2022/02

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of oxygen concentration in the air on the corrosion rate of carbon steel in an air/solution alternating environment in the low oxygen concentration range and to clarify the corrosion rate and corrosion mechanism of carbon steel depending on the oxygen concentration in air by the mass change of specimens before and after the corrosion test and observing the iron rust layer formed on the surface of carbon steel. The corrosion rate increases with increasing oxygen concentration in the air, and the gradient of the corrosion rate decreases gradually. The maximum erosion depth increased with increasing oxygen concentration except for the case of 1% oxygen concentration, however, the maximum erosion depth for 1% oxygen concentration was larger than that for 5% air oxygen concentration.

Journal Articles

Modeling and simulation of atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel considering environmental factor

Igarashi, Takahiro; Komatsu, Atsushi; Kato, Chiaki; Sakairi, Masatoshi*

Tetsu To Hagane, 107(12), p.998 - 1003, 2021/12

 Times Cited Count:0 Percentile:0(Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering)

In order to clarify the effect of environmental factors on the amount of atmospheric corrosion of steel, novel model for predicting the reduction of atmospheric corrosion considering relative humidity and rain falls was developed. We conducted a one-year calculation simulation of atmospheric corrosion in Miyakojima City, Choshi City, and Tsukuba City using the developed model. Corrosion weight loss by the simulation could reproduce the measured value well. Corrosion weight loss at each point was greatly affected by the amount of flying sea salt, relative humidity, and rain falls.

Journal Articles

Corrosion of carbon steel in the simulated air/solution interface environment

Otani, Kyohei; Kato, Chiaki

Zairyo To Kankyo, 70(12), p.480 - 486, 2021/12

This is a comprehensive paper of the corrosion of carbon steel in air/solution alternating condition. From cross-sectional observation and analysis of the iron rust layer formed on the surface of carbon steel in the alternating condition, it was found that a multilayered iron rust layer composed of red rust layer ($$gamma$$-FeOOH), rust crust layer (Fe$$_{3}$$O$$_{4}$$), inner crystal (Fe$$_{3}$$O$$_{4}$$), and inner rust layer was formed on carbon steel. The multi-layered iron rust layer would accelerate the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction, and the reason why the corrosion rate of the carbon steel in the alternating condition was accelerated. The effect of artificial seawater (ASW) composition on the corrosion rate of carbon steel in air/solution alternating condition was investigated. It was found that the corrosion rate increased with increasing concentration from pure water to 200 times diluted ASW, and decreased with increasing concentration from 20 times diluted ASW to no diluted ASW. The Mg and Ca ions in ASW precipitated on the reaction interface and formed a metal cation layer, which inhibited the oxygen reduction reaction, and thus the corrosion of carbon steel was inhibited in the highly concentrated ASW.

Journal Articles

Development of atmospheric corrosion model considering meteorological data and airborne sea salt

Igarashi, Takahiro; Komatsu, Atsushi; Kato, Chiaki; Sakairi, Masatoshi*

Bosei Kanri, 65(10), p.365 - 370, 2021/10

We have developed a new atmospheric simulation model considering important environmental factors such as airborne sea salt, temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall. The developed model was verified by comparing predicted values by the simulation and measured data for the weight loss by atmospheric corrosion. In addition, atmospheric corrosion simulations under open and sheltered exposure condition were conducted, and it was confirmed that the air corrosion weight loss was strongly suppressed by the surface cleaning effect due to rainfall.

Journal Articles

Hydrogen absorption mechanism into iron in aqueous solution including metal cations by laser ablation tests and first-principles calculations

Igarashi, Takahiro; Otani, Kyohei; Kato, Chiaki; Sakairi, Masatoshi*; Togashi, Yusuke*; Baba, Kazuhiko*; Takagi, Shusaku*

ISIJ International, 61(4), p.1085 - 1090, 2021/04

 Times Cited Count:0 Percentile:0(Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering)

In order to clarify the effect of metal cations (Zn$$^{2+}$$, Mg$$^{2+}$$, Na$$^{+}$$) in aqueous solution on hydrogen permeation into iron, the amount of hydrogen permeation from iron surface was measured by electrochemical tests with a laser ablation. Moreover, in order to obtain the basic mechanism of hydrogen permeation with metal cation, first-principles calculations were used to acquire the adsorption potential of the metal cation and the electronic state around iron surface. By Zn$$^{2+}$$ in solution, anodic reaction on ablated surface by laser irradiation was suppressed. Also, by quantum analysis Zn atoms were chemically bonded stronger than Na and Mg atoms to iron surface. It was suggested that the dissolution reaction of iron was suppressed by the formation of the Zn layer, and that lead suppression of hydrogen permeation into iron.

Journal Articles

Decrease in pitting corrosion resistance of extra-high-purity type 316 stainless-steel by Cu$$^{2+}$$ in NaCl

Aoyama, Takahito; Ogawa, Hiroaki; Kato, Chiaki; Ueno, Fumiyoshi

Metals, 11(3), p.511_1 - 511_13, 2021/03

 Times Cited Count:3 Percentile:17.89(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)

The effect of Cu$$^{2+}$$ in bulk solution on pitting corrosion resistance of extra high purity type 316 stainless steel was investigated. Pitting occurred in 0.1 M NaCl-1 mM CuCl$$_2$$ whereas pitting was not initiated in 0.1 M NaCl. Although deposition of Cu$$^{2+}$$ on the surface occurred regardless of potential region in 0.1 M NaCl-1 mM CuCl$$_2$$, Cu$$^{2+}$$ in bulk solution had no influence on the passive film formation. The decrease in pitting corrosion resistance in 0.1 M NaCl-1 mM CuCl$$_2$$ resulted from the deposited Cu or Cu compound and continuous supply of Cu$${2+}$$ on the surface.

Journal Articles

Effect of seawater components on corrosion rate of steel in air/solution alternating condition

Otani, Kyohei; Tsukada, Takashi; Ueno, Fumiyoshi; Kato, Chiaki

Zairyo To Kankyo, 69(9), p.246 - 252, 2020/09

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of artificial sea water concentration on the corrosion rate of carbon steel under air/solution alternating condition, and to clarify the corrosion mechanism of carbon steel that changes with artificial seawater concentration. Mass measurements showed that the corrosion rate of carbon steel in the alternating condition accelerates with increasing concentration in the concentration region between deionized water to 200 times diluted artificial seawater (ASW), and the corrosion rate decreases with increasing concentration in the concentration region between 20 times diluted ASW to undiluted ASW. It can be considered that the reason why the carbon steel corrosion was suppressed in highly concentrated artificial seawater would Mg ions and Ca ions in the artificial seawater precipitate and cover on the surface due to the increase in pH near the surface by oxygen reduction reaction.

Journal Articles

Corrosion in nuclear fuel reprocessing plants; Corrosion in boiling nitric acid

Kato, Chiaki

Comprehensive Nuclear Materials, 2nd Edition, Vol.4, p.528 - 563, 2020/08

In spent fuel reprocessing plants, various nitric media are encountered throughout the PUREX process, used in the separation of fission products, uranium, and plutonium. The PUREX process is thus highly corrosive as it takes place at high temperatures under high concentrations of nitric acid solution containing oxidizing metal ions from spent fuel. In this review, the unique chemical properties of nitric acid are first described. Secondly, the process of oxidizing power generation in boiling nitric acid under heat transfer is described using the redox potential and a thermodynamic model of boiling nitric acid. Finally, the corrosion behavior and corrosion acceleration mechanism specific to the reprocessing environments are described from the perspective of solution chemistry.

Journal Articles

Modelling of intergranular corrosion using cellular automata, 1; Characteristics and corrosion rates of stainless steels in modified nuclear reprocessing solution

Yamamoto, Masahiro; Irisawa, Eriko; Igarashi, Takahiro; Komatsu, Atsushi; Kato, Chiaki; Ueno, Fumiyoshi

Proceedings of Annual Congress of the European Federation of Corrosion (EUROCORR 2019), 5 Pages, 2019/09

Intergranular corrosion phenomena were analysed using modified reprocessing solution. The data indicated that corrosion rates increased with time at the initial stage, and these stayed at constant value. Intergranular corrosion propagated at grain boundary in the initial stage and then attacked whole grain boundary causing drop out of grains. Corrosion rates of steady state were sum of intergranular corrosion amounts and weight losses of dropped grains. Surface appearances and cross sections of corroded samples were analyzed. The results indicated that the initial stage of intergranular corrosion was characterized by the ratio of corrosion rates between grain boundary and matrix. These ratios differed from individual grain boundaries. Total corrosion rates were affected by the distribution of these ratios. These data were based on the numerical modelling of intergranular corrosion using cellular automata. And also, calculated results were compared with these analytical data.

Journal Articles

Effect of re-oxidation rate of additive cations on corrosion rate of stainless steel in boiling nitric acid solution

Irisawa, Eriko; Yamamoto, Masahiro; Kato, Chiaki; Motooka, Takafumi; Ban, Yasutoshi

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 56(4), p.337 - 344, 2019/04

 Times Cited Count:0 Percentile:0.01(Nuclear Science & Technology)

Journal Articles

In situ electrochemical study on crevice environment of stainless steel in high temperature water

Soma, Yasutaka; Kato, Chiaki; Ueno, Fumiyoshi

Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Power Systems - Water Reactors, Vol.2, p.509 - 521, 2018/00

In-situ electrochemical measurement within crevice of stainless steel in 288$$^{circ}$$C water has been conducted to analyze crevice water chemistry. Small sensors ($$phi$$ $$sim$$ 250$$mu$$m) measured local solution electrical conductivity, $$kappa$$$$_{rm crev}$$, polarization resistance, and electrochemical corrosion potential. Real-time response of the $$kappa$$$$_{rm crev}$$ as functions of bulk water conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration has been quantitatively analyzed. The effect of geometrical factors on the crevice environment was also studied. The $$kappa$$$$_{rm crev}$$ differ more than an order of magnitude depending on the oxygen potential inside the crevice. The $$kappa$$$$_{rm crev}$$ increased by small amount of bulk DO (e.g. 30 ppb). Maximum $$kappa$$$$_{rm crev}$$ was observed with DO of 32000 ppb and became more than 100 times higher than that of bulk water. Crevice geometry affected significantly on the water chemistry inside.

Journal Articles

Effect of oxidizing metallic ions on corrosion of stainless steel during concentration process simulating High-level Activity Liquid Waste (HALW) concentrator

Irisawa, Eriko; Kato, Chiaki; Kamoshida, Michio*; Hakamatsuka, Yasuyuki*; Ueno, Fumiyoshi; Yamamoto, Masahiro

Proceedings of European Corrosion Congress 2017 (EUROCORR 2017) and 20th ICC & Process Safety Congress 2017 (USB Flash Drive), 9 Pages, 2017/09

Journal Articles

Development of metal corrosion testing method simulating equipment of reprocessing of spent nuclear fuels

Matsueda, Makoto; Irisawa, Eriko; Kato, Chiaki; Matsui, Hiroki

Proceedings of 54th Annual Meeting of Hot Laboratories and Remote Handling (HOTLAB 2017) (Internet), 4 Pages, 2017/00

In the PUREX method, spent fuels are dissolved with nitric acid media. The reprocessing solution containing Fission Products derived from spent fuels is very corrosive to metal materials, the corrosion problem often appears on the surface stainless steel devices. The oxidizing metal ions such as Ruthenium (Ru) and Neptunium (Np) in the process solution is the key reason for severe corrosion of stainless steel. In order to obtain the corrosion rate of stainless steel, we installed the corrosion test apparatus inside an airtight concrete cell in a hot laboratory (the WAste Safety TEsting Facility (WASTEF) of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency), and performed the corrosion tests of stainless steel in the heated nitric acid solution containing Np. The corrosion tests were performed in the temperature range from room temperature to boiling point for 500 hours per batch. The results show that the presence of Np accelerate the stainless steel corrosion in the nitric acid solution.

Journal Articles

Electrical conductivity and potential response within crevice of stainless steel in high temperature water under cyclic deaerated and aerated condition

Soma, Yasutaka; Kato, Chiaki; Ueno, Fumiyoshi

Fushoku Boshoku Kyokai Dai-63-Kai Zairyo To Kankyo Toronkai Koenshu, p.253 - 256, 2016/10

Contribution of corrosion to advance of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of stainless steel in high temperature water must be assessed because serious corrosion can be found within SCC of light water reactors. The corrosion took the form of both intergranular and grain-matrix attack indicate aggressive corrosion condition was formed in the crevice of the SCC. We have investigated the crevice environment electrochemically and found that local electrical conductivity of the crevice solution at satisfactory narrow crevice gap having more than 100 times higher than that of bulk solution. In this research we assessed effect of cyclic deaerated and aerated bulk solution to the crevice environment. The result showed that electrical conductivity of the crevice solution under the deaerated bulk solution increased more than 10times by injection of pure oxygen suggest that the dissolved oxygen caused aggressive corrosion condition within the crevice.

Journal Articles

The Effect of crystal textures on the anodic oxidization of zirconium in a boiling nitric acid solution

Kato, Chiaki; Ishijima, Yasuhiro; Ueno, Fumiyoshi; Yamamoto, Masahiro

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 53(9), p.1371 - 1379, 2016/09

AA2015-0626.pdf:1.2MB

 Times Cited Count:4 Percentile:39.97(Nuclear Science & Technology)

The effects of crystal textures and the potentials in the anodic oxidation of zirconium in a boiling nitric acid solution were investigated to study the stress corrosion cracking of zirconium in nitric acid solutions. The growth of the zirconium oxide film dramatically changed depending on the applied potential at a closed depassivation potential (1.47 V vs. SSE). At 1.5 V, the zirconium oxide film rapidly grows, and its growth exhibits cyclic oxidation kinetics in accordance with a nearly cubic rate law. The zirconium oxide film grows according to the quantity of electric charge, and the growth rate does not depend on the crystal texture in the pretransition region before the cyclic oxidation kinetics. However, the growth and cracking under the thick oxide film depend on the crystal texture in the transition region. On the normal direction side, the oxide film thickness decreases on average since some areas of the thick oxide film are separated from the specimen surface owing to the cracks in the thick oxide. On the rolling direction side, cracks are found under the thick oxide film, which deeply propagate along the RD without an external stress. The cracks under the thick oxide film propagate to the center of the oxide layer. The cracks in the oxide layer propagate in the (0002)Zr plane in the zirconium matrix. The oxide layer consists of string-like zirconium oxide and zirconium hydride. The string-like zirconium oxide contains orthorhombic ZrO$$_{2}$$ in addition to monoclinic ZrO$$_{2}$$. As one assumption for the mechanism of crack initiation and propagation without an external stress, it is considered that the oxidizing zirconium hydrides precipitate in the (0002)Zr and then the phase transformation from orthorhombic ZrO$$_{2}$$ to monoclinic ZrO$$_{2}$$ in the oxide layer causes the crack propagation in the (0002) plane.

259 (Records 1-20 displayed on this page)