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「たんぽぽ: 有機物・微生物の宇宙曝露と宇宙塵・微生物の捕集」における微生物宇宙曝露実験

横堀 伸一*; Yang, Y.*; 藤崎 健太*; 河口 優子*; 橋本 博文*; 山下 雅道*; 矢野 創*; 奥平 恭子*; 吉村 義隆*; 鳴海 一成; et al.

no journal, , 

火星起源隕石に微小化石様構造が発見されてから、パンスペルミア(胚種広布説)仮説は生命の起源を議論するうえで無視することはできなくなってきた。われわれが国際宇宙ステーション(ISS)の日本棟きぼうの曝露部で行う実験として提案した「たんぽぽ」ミッションは、さまざまな意味でパンスペルミアの現実性について検討し、テストするための実験計画である。この計画では、6種類の実験を平行して行うことを計画している。そのうち2つが宇宙における微小生物の製造可能性に関する実験である。1つはISS高度で直接微小生物の捕集を試みるものである。もう1つは、さまざまな微小生物の宇宙に対する長期の曝露実験である。後者の実験は、地球由来の微小生物が地球と他の地球外天体との間を移動することが可能であるか、微小生物を実際に宇宙空間に曝露することで検証しようというものである。われわれは、ISS高度で微小生物が長期に渡って生存するためには、惑星間塵等の内部の間隙に微小生物が入り込んで、紫外線や宇宙線から護られることが必要であろうと考えている。そこで、われわれは微小生物と模擬惑星間塵(粘土鉱物等)とを混合したものを、曝露実験に供することを計画している。

口頭

たんぽぽ(有機物・微生物の宇宙曝露と宇宙塵・微生物の捕集実験); 微生物の宇宙生存可能性の検証に向けて

横堀 伸一*; 藤崎 健太*; 河口 優子*; Yang, Y.*; 伏見 英彦*; 橋本 博文*; 山下 雅道*; 矢野 創*; 奥平 恭子*; 林 宣宏*; et al.

no journal, , 

ISS-JEM「きぼう」曝露部での微生物の採集/宇宙空間への直接曝露実験を計画している(プロジェクト名「たんぽぽ」)。そこでは、微生物を直接採取することを目指すとともに、1から5年以上、微生物を宇宙空間に曝露し、その生存可能性を検証することを計画している。また、その際には、粘土鉱物による微生物の保護効果も検証する予定である。そのため、上記の宇宙曝露実験を行うにあたり、重粒子線の微生物生存に与える効果と、粘土鉱物の重粒子線に対する遮蔽効果を現在検討した。また、種々の紫外線/放射線耐性の高い微生物を実験対象とすることで、重粒子線耐性がそれらの耐性の高さと相関するのかなどについても検討した。微生物培養液を単独又は粘土鉱物と混合して乾燥したサンプルに、室温で、Ar線,He線,C線の照射を行った。これらの重粒子線を照射した微生物サンプルと非照射の対照サンプルについて、コロニー計数法等により、生存率を求めた。さらに、粘土鉱物(合成スクメタイトの一種ルーセンタイトを使用)の有無による生存率の違いについて検証を行った。その結果、粘土鉱物がAr線及びC線から微生物を遮蔽し、保護する働きをすることが示唆された。すなわち、微生物が宇宙空間に単独で存在せず、粘土鉱物内部の間隙などに存在するのなら、重粒子線の影響が軽減されることを示唆する。

口頭

Quest for microorganisms existing at high atmosphere and space

横堀 伸一*; Yang, Y.*; 杉野 朋弘*; 河口 優子*; 板橋 志保*; 藤崎 健太*; 伏見 英彦*; 長谷川 直*; 橋本 博文*; 林 宣宏*; et al.

no journal, , 

We isolated two novel species of the genus ${it Deinococcus}$, one from top of troposphere (${it D. aerius}$) and the other from bottom of stratosphere (${it D. aetherius}$). Can these newly isolated bacterial species and strains survive harsher environment such as space environment and/or other astronomical objects such as Mars? To address these questions, we have analyzed the survival of these microbial species and strains under the extreme conditions. Environment at high altitude is extreme for microorganisms not only because of high UV radiation, but also other stresses such as extreme dryness. To clarify how dryness affects to the survivability of microorganisms, we examined the effects of desiccation and high humidity on survival and DNA double strand breaks (DSB) of ${it Escherichia coli}$, ${it D. radiodurans}$ and spores of ${it Bacillus pumilus}$. They exhibited different survival rates and DSB patterns under desiccation and high humidity. Higher survival and less DSB occurred at lower temperatures. Spores of ${it B. pumilus}$ showed the highest survivability at each condition. Survivability of ${it D. radiodurans}$ at desiccation condition is higher than that at the humid condition, although survivability of ${it E. coli}$ at desiccation condition is lower than that at the humid condition. We also tested the effects of various factors on survivability of ${it Deinococcus}$ spp. Together with tests under desiccation condition, these test results suggested that ${it Deinococcus}$ spp. which we tested can survive in space for years.

口頭

Microbe space exposure experiment at International Space Station (ISS) proposed in "Tanpopo" mission

横堀 伸一*; Yang, Y.*; 杉野 朋弘*; 河口 優子*; 伏見 英彦*; 鳴海 一成; 橋本 博文*; 林 宣宏*; 河合 秀幸*; 小林 憲正*; et al.

no journal, , 

To explain how organisms on the Earth were originated at the quite early stage of the history of Earth, Panspermia hypothesis was proposed. Recent findings of the Martian meteorite suggested possible existence of extraterrestrial life, and interplanetary migration of life as well. On the other hand, microbes have been collected from high altitude using balloons, aircraft and meteorological rockets since 1936, though it is not clear how could those microbes be ejected up to such high altitude. Spore forming fungi and Bacilli, and Deinococci have been isolated in these experiments. If microbes could be found present even at the higher altitude of low earth orbit (400 km), the fact would endorse the possible interplanetary migration of terrestrial life. We proposed the "Tanpopo" mission to examine possible interplanetary migration of microbes on Japan Experimental Module (JEM) of the International Space Station (ISS). In our proposal, microorganisms will be exposed to the space environment with/without model-clay materials that might protect microorganisms from vacuum UV and cosmic rays. Spore of ${it Bacillus}$ sp., and vegetative cells of ${it Deinococcus radiodurans}$ and our novel deinococcal species isolated from high altitude are candidates for the exposure experiment. In preliminary experiments, clay-materials tend to increase survivability of microorganisms under irradiation of heavy ion beam and other radiation. In this paper, we discuss current status of exposure experiment of microorganisms defined for the Tanpopo mission.

口頭

たんぽぽ計画における蛍光染色法によるエアロゲル内の微生物検出

杉野 朋弘*; 横堀 伸一*; Yang, Y.*; 河口 優子*; 長谷川 直*; 橋本 博文*; 今井 栄一*; 奥平 恭子*; 河合 秀幸*; 田端 誠*; et al.

no journal, , 

In this report, we will report whether aerogel that have been used for the collection of space debris and cosmic dusts can be used for microbe sampling in space. We will discuss how captured particles by aerogel can be detected with DNA-specific fluorescence dye, and how to distinguish microbes from other materials (i.e. aerogel and particles such as clay). The surface of microparticles captured by aerogel is often vitrified. The non-specific fluorescent light is often observed from vitrified materials. Therefore, we need to distinguish fluorescent light of stained microbes from that of spectral characteristics of vitrified materials and bleaching rate are going to be need to distinguish stained microbes with DNA-specific fluorescence dye and other materials such as clay and aerogel. We simulated the high-speed collision of micro-particles to the aerogel with the two stage light gas gun (ca. 4 km/s). The micro-particles containing dried cells of ${it Deinococcus radiodurans}$ mixed with clay material were used for the collision experiment, and the captured particles, which was stained after collision experiment, were observed with a fluorescence microscope. This experiment suggests that the captured microbes can be detected and be distinguished from clay materials.

口頭

「たんぽぽ」計画における国際宇宙ステーション上での微生物曝露実験

横堀 伸一*; Yang, Y.*; 杉野 朋弘*; 河口 優子*; 高橋 勇太*; 鳴海 一成; 橋本 博文*; 林 宣宏*; 今井 栄一*; 河合 秀幸*; et al.

no journal, , 

We proposed the "Tanpopo" mission to examine possible interplanetary migration of microbes, and organic compounds on Japan Experimental Module (JEM) of the International Space Station (ISS). Tanpopo consists of six subthemes. Two of them are on the possible interplanetary migration of microbes capture experiment of microbes at the ISS orbit and space exposure experiment of microbes. In this paper, we focus on the space exposure experiment of microbes. Microbes in space are assumed be exposed to the space environment with a kind of clay materials that might protect microbes from vacuum UV and cosmic rays, or exposed as the aggregates of which outer cells might protect inner cells from vacuum UV and cosmic rays. Dried vegetative cells of ${it D. radiodurans}$ and our novel deinococcal species isolated from high altitude are candidates for the exposure experiment. In addition, we are planning to perform another space exposure experiments of microbes. In this paper, we discuss current status of exposure experiment of microorganisms defined for the Tanpopo mission and others.

口頭

Capture and space exposure experiments of microorganisms on the ISS orbit proposed in "TANPOPO" mission

横堀 伸一*; Yang, Y.*; 河口 優子*; 杉野 朋弘*; 高橋 勇太*; 鳴海 一成; 中川 和道*; 田端 誠*; 小林 憲正*; 丸茂 克美*; et al.

no journal, , 

We propose a mission to examine possible interplanetary migration of microbes, organic compounds and meteoroids on Japan Experimental Module (JEM) of the International Space Station (ISS) - Tanpopo mission. Ultra low-density aerogel (ca. 0.01 g/cm$$^{3}$$) will be used to capture micrometeoroid and space debris. Particles captured by aerogel will be analyzed after the initial inspection of the gel and tracks. The particles will be characterized in terms of mineralogical, organic and microbiological properties. In addition to particle-capture experiment on ISS, we also proposed to perform direct exposure experiments of microorganisms and organic compounds. Several deinococcal species (and strains) including our high-altitude isolates, and some other microbes are candidates for exposure.

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