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JAEA Reports

Annual report on the effluent control of low level liquid waste in Nuclear Fuel Cycle Engineering Laboratories FY2021

Nakada, Akira; Kanai, Katsuta; Kokubun, Yuji; Nagaoka, Mika; Koike, Yuko; Yamada, Ryohei*; Kubota, Tomohiro; Hirao, Moe; Yoshii, Hideki*; Otani, Kazunori*; et al.

JAEA-Review 2022-079, 116 Pages, 2023/03

JAEA-Review-2022-079.pdf:2.77MB

Based on the regulations (the safety regulation of Tokai Reprocessing Plant, the safety regulation of nuclear fuel material usage facilities, the radiation safety rule, the regulation about prevention from radiation hazards due to radioisotopes, which are related with the nuclear regulatory acts, the local agreement concerning with safety and environment conservation around nuclear facilities, the water pollution control law, and by law of Ibaraki Prefecture), the effluent control of liquid waste discharged from the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Engineering Laboratories of Japan Atomic Energy Agency has been performed. This report describes the effluent control results of the liquid waste in the fiscal year 2021. In this period, the concentrations and the quantities of the radioactivity in liquid waste discharged from the reprocessing plant, the plutonium fuel fabrication facilities, and the other nuclear fuel material usage facilities were much lower than the limits authorized by the above regulations.

JAEA Reports

Annual report on the environmental radiation monitoring around the Tokai Reprocessing Plant FY2021

Nakada, Akira; Kanai, Katsuta; Seya, Natsumi; Nishimura, Shusaku; Futagawa, Kazuo; Nemoto, Masashi; Tobita, Keiji; Yamada, Ryohei*; Uchiyama, Rei; Yamashita, Daichi; et al.

JAEA-Review 2022-078, 164 Pages, 2023/03

JAEA-Review-2022-078.pdf:2.64MB

Environmental radiation monitoring around the Tokai Reprocessing Plant has been performed by the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Engineering Laboratories, based on "Safety Regulations for the Reprocessing Plant of Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Chapter IV - Environmental Monitoring". This annual report presents the results of the environmental monitoring and the dose estimation to the hypothetical inhabitant due to the radioactivity discharged from the plant to the atmosphere and the sea during April 2021 to March 2022. In this report, some data include the influence of the accidental release from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station of Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. (the trade name was changed to Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, Inc. on April 1, 2016) in March 2011. Appendices present comprehensive information, such as monitoring programs, monitoring methods, monitoring results and their trends, meteorological data and discharged radioactive wastes. In addition, the data which were influenced by the accidental release and exceeded the normal range of fluctuation in the monitoring, were evaluated.

Journal Articles

Study on the relation between the crystal structure and thermal stability of FeUO $_{4}$ and CrUO $_{4}$

Akiyama, Daisuke*; Kusaka, Ryoji; Kumagai, Yuta; Nakada, Masami; Watanabe, Masayuki; Okamoto, Yoshihiro; Nagai, Takayuki; Sato, Nobuaki*; Kirishima, Akira*

Journal of Nuclear Materials, 568, p.153847_1 - 153847_10, 2022/09

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2022.153847

Times Cited Count：2 Percentile：63.62(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)

FeUO $_{4}$ , CrUO $_{4}$ , and Fe $_{x}$ Cr $_{1-x}$ UO $_{4}$ are monouranates containing pentavalent U. Even though these compounds have similar crystal structures, their formation conditions and thermal stability are significantly different. To determine the factors causing the difference in thermal stability between FeUO $_{4}$ and CrUO $_{4}$ , their crystal structures were evaluated in detail. A Raman band was observed at 700 cm $^{-1}$ in all the samples. This Raman band was derived from the stretching vibration of the O-U-O axis band, indicating that Fe $_{x}$ Cr $_{1-x}$ UO $_{4}$ was composed of a uranyl-like structure in its lattice regardless of its "x"' value. Mssbauer measurements indicated that the Fe in FeUO $_{4}$ and Fe $_{x}$ Cr $_{1-x}$ UO $_{4}$ were trivalent. Furthermore, Fe $_{x}$ Cr $_{1-x}$ UO $_{4}$ lost its symmetry around Fe $^{mathrm{III}}$ with increasing electron densities around Fe $^{mathrm{III}}$ , as the abundance of Cr increased. These results suggested no significant structural differences between FeUO $_{4}$ and CrUO $_{4}$ . Thermogravimetric measurements for UO $_{2}$ , FeUO $_{4}$ , and CrUO $_{4}$ showed that the temperature at which FeUO $_{4}$ decomposed under an oxidizing condition (approximately 800 $^{circ}$ C) was significantly lower than the temperature at which the decomposition of CrUO $_{4}$ started (approximately 1250 $^{circ}$ C). Based on these results, we concluded that the decomposition of FeUO $_{4}$ was triggered by an "in-crystal" redox reaction, i.e., Fe $^{mathrm{III}}$ U $^{mathrm{V}}$ Fe $^{mathrm{II}}$ U $^{mathrm{VI}}$ , which would not occur in the CrUO $_{4}$ lattice because Cr $^{mathrm{III}}$ could never be reduced under the investigated condition. Finally, the existence of Cr $^{mathrm{III}}$ in FexCr $_{1-x}$ UO $_{4}$ effectively suppressed the decomposition of the Fe $_{x}$ Cr $_{1-x}$ UO $_{4}$ crystal, even at a very low Cr content.

Journal Articles

Structure, stability, and actinide leaching of simulated nuclear fuel debris synthesized from UO $_{2}$ , Zr, and stainless-steel

Kirishima, Akira*; Akiyama, Daisuke*; Kumagai, Yuta; Kusaka, Ryoji; Nakada, Masami; Watanabe, Masayuki; Sasaki, Takayuki*; Sato, Nobuaki*

Journal of Nuclear Materials, 567, p.153842_1 - 153842_15, 2022/08

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2022.153842

Times Cited Count：3 Percentile：77.29(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)

To understand the chemical structure and stability of nuclear fuel debris consisting of UO $_{2}$ , Zr, and Stainless Steel (SUS) generated by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in Japan in 2011, simulated debris of the UO $_{2}$ -SUS-Zr system and other fundamental component systems were synthesized and characterized. The simulated debris were synthesized by heat treatment for 1 to 12 h at 1600 $^{circ}$ C, in inert (Ar) or oxidative (Ar + 2% O $_{2}$ ) atmospheres. $^{237}$ Np and $^{241}$ Am tracers were doped for the leaching tests of these elements and U from the simulated debris. The characterization of the simulated debris was conducted by XRD, SEM-EDX, Raman spectroscopy, and Mssbauer spectroscopy, which provided the major uranium phase of the UO $_{2}$ -SUS-Zr debris was the solid solution of U $^{mathrm{IV}}$ O $_{2}$ (s.s.) with Zr(IV) and Fe(II) regardless of the treatment atmosphere. The long-term immersion test of the simulated debris in pure water and that in seawater revealed the macro scale crystal structure of the simulated debris was chemically very stable in the wet condition for a year or more. Furthermore, the leaching test results showed that the actinide leaching ratios of U, Np, Am from the UO $_{2}$ -SUS-Zr debris were very limited and less than 0.08 % for all the experiments in this study.

Journal Articles

Uranium dissolution and uranyl peroxide formation by immersion of simulated fuel debris in aqueous H $_{2}$ O $_{2}$ solution

Kumagai, Yuta; Kusaka, Ryoji; Nakada, Masami; Watanabe, Masayuki; Akiyama, Daisuke*; Kirishima, Akira*; Sato, Nobuaki*; Sasaki, Takayuki*

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 59(8), p.961 - 971, 2022/08

https://doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2021.2023055

Times Cited Count：2 Percentile：63.62(Nuclear Science & Technology)

We investigated potential degradation of fuel debris caused by H $_{2}$ O $_{2}$ , which is the oxidant of major impact from water radiolysis. We performed leaching experiments on different kinds of simulated debris comprising U, Fe, Cr, Ni, and Zr in an aqueous H $_{2}$ O $_{2}$ solution. Chemical analysis of the leaching solution showed that U dissolution was induced by H $_{2}$ O $_{2}$ . Raman analysis after the leaching revealed that uranyl peroxides were formed on the surface of the simulated debris. These results demonstrate that uranyl peroxides are possible alteration products of fuel debris from H $_{2}$ O $_{2}$ reaction. However, the sample in which the main uranium-containing phase was a U-Zr oxide solid solution showed much less uranium dissolution and no Raman signal of uranyl peroxides. Comparison of these results indicates that formation of an oxide solid solution of Zr with UO $_{2}$ improves the stability of fuel debris against H $_{2}$ O $_{2}$ reaction.

Journal Articles

A Study of H $_{2}$ O $_{2}$ -induced oxidative degradation of simulated fuel debris

Kumagai, Yuta; Kusaka, Ryoji; Nakada, Masami; Watanabe, Masayuki; Akiyama, Daisuke*; Kirishima, Akira*; Sato, Nobuaki*; Sasaki, Takayuki*

Hoshasen Kagaku (Internet), (113), p.61 - 64, 2022/04

The severe accident at TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station resulted in generation of fuel debris. The fuel debris is in contact with water and the radiolysis of water can accelerate degradation of the debris. The analysis of particles sampled from inside or near the damaged reactors indicates the complicated compositions of the fuel debris. It is challenging to estimate the effect of water radiolysis on such a complicated material. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the potential degradation process by leaching experiments of simulated fuel debris in aqueous H $_{2}$ O $_{2}$ solution. The results show that the reaction of H $_{2}$ O $_{2}$ induced uranium dissolution from most of the samples and then formation of uranyl peroxides. In contrast, a sample that had U-Zr oxide solid solution as the major phase exhibited remarkable resistance to H $_{2}$ O $_{2}$ . These findings revealed that the degradation of the simulated debris reflects the reactivity and stability of the uranium phase in the matrices.

JAEA Reports

Annual report on the environmental radiation monitoring around the Tokai Reprocessing Plant FY2020

Nakada, Akira; Nakano, Masanao; Kanai, Katsuta; Seya, Natsumi; Nishimura, Shusaku; Nemoto, Masashi; Tobita, Keiji; Futagawa, Kazuo; Yamada, Ryohei; Uchiyama, Rei; et al.

JAEA-Review 2021-062, 163 Pages, 2022/02

JAEA-Review-2021-062.pdf:2.87MB

Environmental radiation monitoring around the Tokai Reprocessing Plant has been performed by the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Engineering Laboratories, based on "Safety Regulations for the Reprocessing Plant of Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Chapter IV - Environmental Monitoring". This annual report presents the results of the environmental monitoring and the dose estimation to the hypothetical inhabitant due to the radioactivity discharged from the plant to the atmosphere and the sea during April 2020 to March 2021. In this report, some data include the influence of the accidental release from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station of Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. (the trade name was changed to Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, Inc. on April 1, 2016) in March 2011. Appendices present comprehensive information, such as monitoring programs, monitoring methods, monitoring results and their trends, meteorological data and discharged radioactive wastes. In addition, the data which were influenced by the accidental release and exceeded the normal range of fluctuation in the monitoring, were evaluated.

JAEA Reports

Annual report on the effluent control of low level liquid waste in Nuclear Fuel Cycle Engineering Laboratories FY2020

Nakano, Masanao; Nakada, Akira; Kanai, Katsuta; Nagaoka, Mika; Koike, Yuko; Yamada, Ryohei; Kubota, Tomohiro; Yoshii, Hideki*; Otani, Kazunori*; Hiyama, Yoshinori*; et al.

JAEA-Review 2021-040, 118 Pages, 2021/12

JAEA-Review-2021-040.pdf:2.48MB

Based on the regulations (the safety regulation of Tokai Reprocessing Plant, the safety regulation of nuclear fuel material usage facilities, the radiation safety rule, the regulation about prevention from radiation hazards due to radioisotopes, which are related with the nuclear regulatory acts, the local agreement concerning with safety and environment conservation around nuclear facilities, the water pollution control law, and by law of Ibaraki Prefecture), the effluent control of liquid waste discharged from the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Engineering Laboratories of Japan Atomic Energy Agency has been performed. This report describes the effluent control results of the liquid waste in the fiscal year 2020. In this period, the concentrations and the quantities of the radioactivity in liquid waste discharged from the reprocessing plant, the plutonium fuel fabrication facilities, and the other nuclear fuel material usage facilities were much lower than the limits authorized by the above regulations.

JAEA Reports

Annual report on the environmental radiation monitoring around the Tokai Reprocessing Plant FY2012

Sumiya, Shuichi; Watanabe, Hitoshi; Miyagawa, Naoto; Nakano, Masanao; Nakada, Akira; Fujita, Hiroki; Takeyasu, Masanori; Isozaki, Tokuju; Morisawa, Masato; Mizutani, Tomoko; et al.

JAEA-Review 2013-056, 181 Pages, 2014/03

JAEA-Review-2013-056.pdf:6.22MB

JAEA Reports

Annual report on the environmental radiation monitoring around the Tokai Reprocessing Plant FY2011

Sumiya, Shuichi; Watanabe, Hitoshi; Nakano, Masanao; Takeyasu, Masanori; Nakada, Akira; Fujita, Hiroki; Isozaki, Tokuju; Morisawa, Masato; Mizutani, Tomoko; Nagaoka, Mika; et al.

JAEA-Review 2013-009, 195 Pages, 2013/06

JAEA-Review-2013-009.pdf:3.35MB

JAEA Reports

Annual report on the environmental radiation monitoring around the Tokai Reprocessing Plant FY2010

Sumiya, Shuichi; Watanabe, Hitoshi; Nakano, Masanao; Takeyasu, Masanori; Nakada, Akira; Fujita, Hiroki; Isozaki, Tokuju; Morisawa, Masato; Mizutani, Tomoko; Kokubun, Yuji; et al.

JAEA-Review 2012-015, 166 Pages, 2012/05

JAEA-Review-2012-015.pdf:3.53MB

Environmental radiation monitoring around the Tokai Reprocessing Plant has been performed by the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Engineering Laboratories, based on "Safety Regulations for the Reprocessing Plant of Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Chapter IV - Environmental Monitoring". This annual report presents the results of the environmental monitoring and the dose estimation to the hypothetical inhabitant due to the radioactivity discharged from the plant to the atmosphere and the sea during April 2010 to March 2011. In this report, some data include the influence of the accidental release from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant on Tokyo Electric Power Co. in 2011 March. Appendices present comprehensive information, such as monitoring program, monitoring methods, monitoring results and their trends, meteorological data and discharged radioactive wastes. In addition, the data exceeded the normal range of fluctuation by the accidental release was evaluated in the appendices.

Journal Articles

Results of environmental radiation monitoring at the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Engineering Laboratories, JAEA, following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident

Takeyasu, Masanori; Nakano, Masanao; Fujita, Hiroki; Nakada, Akira; Watanabe, Hitoshi; Sumiya, Shuichi; Furuta, Sadaaki

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 49(3), p.281 - 286, 2012/03

https://doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2012.660014

Times Cited Count：22 Percentile：83.5(Nuclear Science & Technology)

As a response to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, emergency environmental radiation monitoring was performed at the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Engineering Laboratories, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). This paper provisionally describes the results of the monitoring including ambient radiation dose rate and radioactivity concentrations in airborne and fallout. The ambient radiation dose rate began to increase since about 1:00 on March 15 2011, and varied with three peak dose rate of several thousand Gy/h at 8:00 on March 15, at 5:00 on March 16, and at 4:00 on March 21. The variation over time in radioactivity concentrations in airborne and fallout almost showed the same tendency as that of the dose rate. The fallout of $^{137}$ Cs for 1 month from March 15 to April 15 was about 120 times higher than that in May 1986 after the Chernobyl accident. The internal dose by inhalation was estimated from the airborne concentration observed.

JAEA Reports

Results of the environmental radiation monitoring following the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant; Interim report (Ambient radiation dose rate, radioactivity concentration in the air and radioactivity concentration in the fallout)

Furuta, Sadaaki; Sumiya, Shuichi; Watanabe, Hitoshi; Nakano, Masanao; Imaizumi, Kenji; Takeyasu, Masanori; Nakada, Akira; Fujita, Hiroki; Mizutani, Tomoko; Morisawa, Masato; et al.

JAEA-Review 2011-035, 89 Pages, 2011/08

JAEA-Review-2011-035.pdf:2.97MB

As a correspondence to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, the environmental radiation monitoring was performed at the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Engineering Laboratories, JAEA. This report presented the measurement results of ambient radiation dose rate, radioactivity concentration in the air and radioactivity concentration in fallout and meteorological observation result until May 31, 2011. The ambient radiation dose rate increased, with the peak dose rate of several thousand nGy/h at 7 o'clock in March 15, at 5 o'clock in March 16, and at 4 o'clock in March 21. The variation on the radioactivity concentration in the air and in fallout showed the almost same tendency as that of the dose rate. The concentration ratio of I-131/Cs-137 in the air increased to about 100. The dose was estimated resulting from internal exposure due to inhalation.

JAEA Reports

Re-evaluation of a method for monitoring airborne radioiodine discharge and its contribution to development of an advanced method

Koarashi, Jun; Mikami, Satoshi; Miyauchi, Toru; Kozawa, Tomoyasu*; Yokota, Tomokazu*; Nakada, Akira; Akiyama, Kiyomitsu; Momose, Takumaro

JAEA-Technology 2010-039, 34 Pages, 2010/12

JAEA-Technology-2010-039.pdf:1.13MB
JAEA-Technology-2010-039(errata).pdf:0.08MB

The current methodology for monitoring airborne radioiodine at the Tokai reprocessing plant (TRP) was reviewed, and some investigations were made to re-evaluate collection and measurement techniques in the methodology. The investigations focused particularly on: (1) in situ collection efficiency of an iodine sampler for $^{129}$ I and its dependence on sampling flow rate; (2) evaluation of $^{129}$ I and $^{131}$ I activities collected in an activated charcoal cartridge; (3) $^{129}$ I collection capacity of an activated charcoal cartridge under reprocessing off-gas conditions; and (4) real-time monitoring system for $^{129}$ I in airborne effluent. The results obtained gave not only the validity of the TRP's monitoring method, but also technical aspects required for establishing a more reliable and effective monitoring method for radioiodine isotopes.

Journal Articles

The Report of Health Physics 2010 Seminar

Nakada, Akira

Hoken Butsuri, 45(4), p.323 - 327, 2010/12

https://doi.org/10.5453/jhps.45.323

no abstracts in English

JAEA Reports

Radioactive airborne effluent discharged from Tokai reprocessing plant; 1998-2007

Nakada, Akira; Miyauchi, Toru; Akiyama, Kiyomitsu; Momose, Takumaro; Kozawa, Tomoyasu*; Yokota, Tomokazu*; Otomo, Hiroyuki*

JAEA-Data/Code 2008-018, 134 Pages, 2008/10

JAEA-Data-Code-2008-018.pdf:3.23MB

This report provides the data set of atmospheric discharges from Tokai reprocessing plant in Tokai-mura, Japan over the period from 1998 to 2007. Daily and weekly data are shown for $^{85}$ Kr that is continuously monitored and for the other nuclide (Alpha emitters, Beta emitters, $^{3}$ H, $^{14}$ C, $^{129}$ I, $^{131}$ I) whose activities are evaluated based on weekly batch-samplings, respectively. The data contained in this report are expected to apply for studying the behavior of the radioactive airborne effluent in the environment.

Journal Articles

Monitoring methodologies and chronology of radioactive airborne releases from Tokai reprocessing plant

Koarashi, Jun; Mikami, Satoshi; Nakada, Akira; Akiyama, Kiyomitsu; Kobayashi, Hirohide; Fujita, Hiroki; Takeishi, Minoru

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 45(Suppl.5), p.462 - 465, 2008/06

https://doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2008.10875890

Times Cited Count：7 Percentile：44.98(Nuclear Science & Technology)

Tokai reprocessing plant (TRP) has released radionuclides such as $^{3}$ H, $^{14}$ C, $^{85}$ Kr and $^{129}$ I into the atmosphere since the start of operation in 1977. We have established the monitoring methodologies for these nuclides, to realize an appropriate and continuous radioactive discharge control. The methodologies having various special technical considerations for matching the monitoring of reprocessing off-gas, were summarized in this paper. Briefly, $^{3}$ H was collected by a cold-trap technique and the concentration was evaluated being independent of the water collection efficiency; $^{14}$ C was collected by a monoethanolamine bubbler and then measured by liquid scintillation counting without any interferences from $^{3}$ H and $^{85}$ Kr; $^{85}$ Kr was continuously measured by combination of two kinds of detectors to cover very wide range of the concentration; and $^{129}$ I was collected by a charcoal filter and a charcoal cartridge in series with a relatively high collecting performance.

Oral presentation

Influence of the radioactivities released from the accident of Fukushima Daiichi NPP on the monitoring of environmental -ray dose rate around TRP

Mizutani, Tomoko; Onuma, Toshimitsu; Morisawa, Masato; Watanabe, Hajime*; Sugai, Masamitsu*; Nakada, Akira; Sumiya, Shuichi

no journal, ,

no abstracts in English

Oral presentation

Development and utilization of Web-based open system for CT dose calculator, WAZA-ARIv2

Koba, Yusuke*; Nakada, Yoshihiro*; Matsumoto, Shinnosuke*; Akahane, Keiichi*; Ono, Koji*; Sato, Kaoru; Takahashi, Fumiaki; Endo, Akira; Shimada, Yoshiya*; Kai, Michiaki*

no journal, ,

While CT scan is useful for diagnosis, exposure dose derived from CT scan is relatively high. Therefore, it is important to manage patient doses and to prevent the excess exposures in young patients. JAEA developed the CT dose calculator, WAZA-ARIv2 under the collaboration research project with the National Institute of Radiological Sciences and the Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences. In WAZA-ARIv2, users can accurately calculate exposure doses through the browser under consideration of patients information about sexes, ages (0y, 1y, 5y, 10y, 15y and adult) and fatness (small, large and extra-large body sizes). The functions of registration and database compilation of CT scan conditions and patient doses are newly added to a WAZA-ARIv2. Users can compare the distribution of patient doses in Japan with those in user's medical institution. Therefore, it will be expected that WAZA-ARIv2 can contribute the management and optimization of patients doses due to CT scan.

Oral presentation

The Effect of leakage rates on the difference of states wearing respirator

Nakayama, Naoto; Yatsuda, Kazumi; Hamazaki, Masaaki; Usui, Toshihide; Nakada, Akira

no journal, ,

no abstracts in English