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Sato, Tatsuhiko; Iwamoto, Yosuke; Hashimoto, Shintaro; Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Furuta, Takuya; Abe, Shinichiro; Kai, Takeshi; Matsuya, Yusuke; Matsuda, Norihiro; Hirata, Yuho; et al.
Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 9 Pages, 2023/00
Times Cited Count：5 Percentile：98.08(Nuclear Science & Technology)The Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) is a general-purpose Monte Carlo radiation transport code that can simulate the behavior of most particle species with energies up to 1 TeV (per nucleon for ions). Its new version, PHITS3.31, was recently developed and released to the public. In the new version, the compatibility with high-energy nuclear data libraries and the algorithm of the track-structure modes have been improved. In this paper, we summarize the upgraded features of PHITS3.31 with respect to the physics models, utility functions, and application software introduced since the release of PHITS3.02 in 2017.
Walter, H.*; Colonna, M.*; Cozma, D.*; Danielewicz, P.*; Ko, C. M.*; Kumar, R.*; Ono, Akira*; Tsang, M. Y. B*; Xu, J.*; Zhang, Y.-X.*; et al.
Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics, 125, p.103962_1 - 103962_90, 2022/07
Times Cited Count：48 Percentile：96.94(Physics, Nuclear)Transport models are the main method to obtain physics information on the nuclear equation of state and in-medium properties of particles from low to relativistic-energy heavy-ion collisions. The Transport Model Evaluation Project (TMEP) has been pursued to test the robustness of transport model predictions to reach consistent conclusions from the same type of physical model. To this end, calculations under controlled conditions of physical input and set-up were performed by the various participating codes. These included both calculations of nuclear matter in a periodic box, which test individual ingredients of a transport code, and calculations of complete collisions of heavy ions. Over the years, five studies were performed within this project. They show, on one hand, that in box calculations the differences between the codes can be well understood and a convergence of the results can be reached. These studies also highlight the systematic differences between the two families of transport codes, known under the names of Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) and Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD) type codes. On the other hand, there still exist substantial differences when these codes are applied to real heavy-ion collisions. The results of transport simulations of heavy-ion collisions will have more significance if codes demonstrate that they can verify benchmark calculations such as the ones studied in these evaluations.
Wakui, Takashi; Wakai, Eiichi; Naoe, Takashi; Kogawa, Hiroyuki; Haga, Katsuhiro; Takada, Hiroshi; Shintaku, Yohei*; Li, T.*; Kanomata, Kenichi*
Choompa Techno, 30(5), p.16 - 20, 2018/10
A mercury target vessel has been used for the spallation neutron source at J-PARC. It has a complicated multi-layered structure composed of a mercury target and a surrounding double-walled water shroud, which is assembled with thin plates (minimum thickness of 3 mm) by welding. Thus, welding inspection during the manufacturing process is important. We investigated the applicability of new ultrasonic inspections using specimens (thickness of 3 mm) with defects to improve the accuracy of welding inspection for the mercury target vessel. Immersion ultrasonic testing using a probe (frequency of 50 MHz) could detect a spherical defect with a diameter of 0.2 mm. The size was smaller than target value of 0.4 mm. The length of unwelded region estimated using the phased array ultrasonic testing corresponded with the actual length (0.8 - 1.5 mm).
Wakui, Takashi; Wakai, Eiichi; Naoe, Takashi; Shintaku, Yohei*; Li, T.*; Murakami, Kazuya*; Kanomata, Kenichi*; Kogawa, Hiroyuki; Haga, Katsuhiro; Takada, Hiroshi; et al.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, 506, p.3 - 11, 2018/08
Times Cited Count：3 Percentile：30.05(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)The mercury target vessel is designed as multi-walled structure with thin wall (min. 3 mm), and assembled by welding. In order to estimate the structural integrity of the vessel, it is important to measure the defects in welding accurately. For nondestructive tests of the welding, radiographic testing is applicable but it is difficult to detect for some defect shapes. Therefore it is effective to do ultrasonic testing together with it. Because ultrasonic methods prescribed in JIS inspect on the plate with more than 6 mm in thickness, these methods couldn't be applied as the inspection on the vessel with thin walls. In order to develop effective method, we carried out measurements using some testing method on samples with small defect whose size is specified. In the case of the latest phased array method, measured value agreed with actual size. It was found that this method was applicable to detect defects in the thin-walled structure for which accurate inspection was difficult so far.
Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Hashimoto, Shintaro; Niita, Koji*
Physical Review C, 98(2), p.024611_1 - 024611_15, 2018/08
Times Cited Count：1 Percentile：11.61(Physics, Nuclear)Particle production by nucleus-nucleus reactions in the energy range from GeV to TeV is substantially important for safety evaluation in heavy ion accelerators and evaluation of space radiation dose. A lot of models and theories have been studied. In the models developed in the past, interaction between nucleons were dependent on the reference frame; therefore the moving incident nucleus and the target nucleus at rest transferred to the common frame were disintegrated. Previously, intentional bias was introduced to the calculation algorithms to supplement stability but residual nucleus mass and secondary particle production was underestimated. In this study, a reaction model JAMQMD was developed, in which intra-nucleon interaction was described in a frame-independent way. This model can reproduce the stability of nuclei regardless of the reference frame and the yield of residual nuclei as well as secondary particles including deuterons. JQMD Ver.2 developed 3 years ago can simulate nucleus-nucleus reactions up to 3 GeV/nucleon; therefore the development of JAMQMD is the doorway to simulate nucleus-nucleus reactions regardless of the incident energy. JAMQMD is an useful model for not only radiation protection studies but also analysis of fundamental physics studies.
Sato, Tatsuhiko; Iwamoto, Yosuke; Hashimoto, Shintaro; Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Furuta, Takuya; Abe, Shinichiro; Kai, Takeshi; Tsai, P.-E.; Matsuda, Norihiro; Iwase, Hiroshi*; et al.
Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 55(6), p.684 - 690, 2018/06
Times Cited Count：775 Percentile：100(Nuclear Science & Technology)We have upgraded many features of the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) and released the new version as PHITS3.02. The accuracy and the applicable energy ranges of the code were greatly improved and extended, respectively, owing to the revisions to the nuclear reaction models and the incorporation of new atomic interaction models. In addition, several user-supportive functions were developed, such as new tallies to efficiently obtain statistically better results, radioisotope source-generation function, and software tools useful for applying PHITS to medical physics. In this paper, we summarize the basic features of PHITS3.02, especially those of the physics models and the functions implemented after the release of PHITS2.52 in 2013.
Hashimoto, Shintaro; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Iwamoto, Yosuke; Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Furuta, Takuya; Abe, Shinichiro; Niita, Koji*
Kaku Deta Nyusu (Internet), (120), p.26 - 34, 2018/06
Particle and heavy-ion transport code system PHITS has been used for calculations of radiation shielding in accelerator facilities. PHITS describes physical phenomena induced by radiation as combination of transport and collision processes. The collision process including nuclear reactions is simulated by the three-step calculation: a generation of a reaction, pre-equilibrium, and compound processes. In the simulation, many physics models are used. This report explains roles of the models in PHITS and shows their developments we recently performed.
Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Hashimoto, Shintaro; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Niita, Koji*; Kamae, Tsuneyoshi*
Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Particle Physics and Astrophysics (ICPPA 2017) (Internet), p.391 - 398, 2018/04
Times Cited Count：0 Percentile：0.11(Astronomy & Astrophysics)In the reactions of cosmic-ray heavy ions producing high-energy gamma-rays, heavy ions are directed to the ground therefore prompt gamma-rays from projectile fragments are boosted by Doppler effect and observed on the ground. Recently, a lot of experiments pay attention to such high energy gamma-rays. In order to simulate such high-energy gammas, event-by-event simulation of fragmentation reaction which determines the excitation energy and angular momentum of the produced fragment, and de-excitation simulation based on the nuclear structure data. Such models are available in the general-purpose radiation transport simulation code PHITS. JAERI Quantum Molecular Dynamics model was recently updated to accurately simulate charge and mass distribution of fragments. EBITEM, which was released recently, can simulate gamma deexcitation after evaporation based on the excitation energy and angular momentum. Thus latest PHITS can accurately simulate production of 
-rays attributed to cosmic-ray heavy ions. This study shows a new approach to reproduce -rays by cosmic-ray heavy ions.
Sato, Tatsuhiko; Niita, Koji*; Iwamoto, Yosuke; Hashimoto, Shintaro; Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Furuta, Takuya; Abe, Shinichiro; Kai, Takeshi; Matsuda, Norihiro; Okumura, Keisuke; et al.
EPJ Web of Conferences, 153, p.06008_1 - 06008_6, 2017/09
Times Cited Count：6 Percentile：95.25(Nuclear Science & Technology)Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System, PHITS, has been developed under the collaboration of several institutes in Japan and Europe. It can deal with the transport of nearly all particles up to 1 TeV (per nucleon for ion) using various nuclear reaction models and data libraries. More than 2,500 researchers and technicians have used the code for a variety of applications such as accelerator design, radiation shielding and protection, medical physics, and space and geosciences. This paper briefly summarizes physics models and functions newly implemented in PHITS between versions 2.52 and 2.82.
Sato, Tatsuhiko; Iwamoto, Yosuke; Hashimoto, Shintaro; Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Furuta, Takuya; Abe, Shinichiro; Kai, Takeshi; Matsuda, Norihiro; Iwase, Hiroshi*; Niita, Koji*
Hoshasen, 43(2), p.55 - 58, 2017/05
Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System, PHITS, has been developed under the collaboration of several institutes in Japan and Europe. It can deal with the transport of nearly all particles up to 1 TeV (per nucleon for ion) using various nuclear reaction models and data libraries. More than 2,500 registered researchers and technicians have used this system for various applications such as accelerator design, radiation shielding and protection, medical physics, and space- and geo-sciences. This paper summarizes the physics models and functions recently implemented in PHITS, between versions 2.52 and 2.88.
Iwamoto, Yosuke; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Hashimoto, Shintaro; Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Furuta, Takuya; Abe, Shinichiro; Kai, Takeshi; Matsuda, Norihiro; Hosoyamada, Ryuji*; Niita, Koji*
Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 54(5), p.617 - 635, 2017/05
Times Cited Count：96 Percentile：99.72(Nuclear Science & Technology)We performed a benchmark study for 58 cases using the recent version 2.88 of the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) in the following fields: particle production cross-sections for nuclear reactions, neutron transport calculations, and electro-magnetic cascade. This paper reports details for 22 cases. In cases of nuclear reactions with energies above 100 MeV and electro-magnetic cascade, overall agreements were found to be satisfactory. On the other hand, PHITS did not reproduce the experimental data for an incident proton energy below 100 MeV, because the intranuclear cascade model INCL4.6 in PHITS is not suitable for the low-energy region. For proton incident reactions over 100 MeV, PHITS did not reproduce fission product yields due to the problem of high-energy fission process in the evaporation model GEM. To overcome these inaccuracies, we are planning to incorporate a high-energy version of the evaluated nuclear data library JENDL-4.0/HE, and so on.
Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Hashimoto, Shintaro; Sato, Tatsuhiko
Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 53(11), p.1766 - 1773, 2016/11
Times Cited Count：7 Percentile：55.03(Nuclear Science & Technology)Nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) is regarded as a useful phenomenon for application to non-destructive assay of fissile nuclei because NRF cross section peak energy is specific to isotopic species and detection system can be build using conventional photon detectors. So far, experimental technique such as monochromatic photon source based on inverse Compton scattering are intensively studied. In contrast, some unofficial release of nuclear reaction models to simulate NRF based on the literature data are available; however, no general-purpose NRF model was developed. In this study, general-purpose NRF model which can simulate NRF of 1071 nuclear species including unstable nuclei from Li to Bk was developed using nuclear structure data of ENSDF (Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File) and theoretical description of the level transitions. Moreover, the model was applied for generation of radioactive nuclei and nuclear material assay to illustrate its effectiveness. This model was incorporated to PHITS ver.2.82 released Dec. 25th 2015 and provided to users.
Iwamoto, Yosuke; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Niita, Koji*; Hashimoto, Shintaro; Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Furuta, Takuya; Abe, Shinichiro; Kai, Takeshi; Matsuda, Norihiro; Iwase, Hiroshi*; et al.
JAEA-Conf 2016-004, p.63 - 69, 2016/09
A general purpose Monte Carlo Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System, PHITS, is being developed through the collaboration of several institutes. PHITS can deal with the transport of nearly all particles, including neutrons, protons, heavy ions, photons, and electrons, over wide energy ranges using various nuclear reaction models and data libraries. PHITS users apply the code to various research and development fields such as nuclear technology, accelerator design, medical physics, and cosmic-ray research. This presentation briefly summarizes the physics models implemented in PHITS, and introduces some new models such as muon-induced nuclear reaction model and a de-excitation model EBITEM. We will also present the radiation damage cross sections for materials, PKA spectra and kerma factors calculated by PHITS under the IAEA-CRP activity titled "Primary radiation damage cross section."
Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Hashimoto, Shintaro; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Niita, Koji*
EPJ Web of Conferences, 122, p.04005_1 - 04005_6, 2016/06
Times Cited Count：0 Percentile：0.06(Physics, Nuclear)Nucleus-nucleus reactions models are important for radiological safety in heavy ions accelerator facilities such as heavy ion cancer therapy facilities. As one of such models, JAERI Quantum Molecular Dynamics (JQMD) has been successfully used to describe production of residue and secondary particles in nucleus-nucleus collisions. However, it has been pinpointed that formulation of interactions between nucleons were unstable through time evolution therefore heavy nuclei tended to decay before interactions. Such decays could not be distinguished from decay by collisions. In this study, we revised the description of interactions between nucleons to stabilize nuclei before collisions. Moreover, an algorithm to check the stability of ground-state nuclei was introduced. Description of nucleon-nucleon scattering cross sections were improved by introducing the in-medium effects. Fragment production cross sections for heavy targets (e.g. Ag) are predicted in better accuracy by thus developed revised JQMD (JQMD 2.0).
Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Hashimoto, Shintaro; Niita, Koji*
EPJ Web of Conferences, 117, p.03011_1 - 03011_8, 2016/05
Times Cited Count：1 Percentile：65.9(Nuclear Science & Technology)Accurate prediction of fragment angular distribution in nucleus-nucleus collisions is essential for theoretical studies on nuclei and applications of particle beam. Quantum molecular dynamics is one of the approaches often adopted in general purpose radiation transport simulation codes to simulate formation of fragments, however, it is suggested that they tend to overestimate the width of fragment distribution angle. It is true for JQMD, the nucleus-nucleus reaction event generator incorporated to PHITS. By revising the description of peripheral collisions prediction of fragments angular distribution has been improved. First, spurious disintegration of nuclei before interaction is inhibited by introducing relativistic-covariant kinematics. By this improvement, one can distinguish nucleus spuriously disintegrated and nuclei interacted with other nuclei. Second, nucleon-nucleon scattering cross sections were increased by the suppression of Pauli blocking effect in the nucleus outer region to take into account for the increase in nucleon-nucleon scattering cross section. As a result, revised JQMD (RJQMD) predicts fragment angular distribution of fragments better than JQMD.
Sato, Tatsuhiko; Niita, Koji*; Matsuda, Norihiro; Hashimoto, Shintaro; Iwamoto, Yosuke; Furuta, Takuya; Noda, Shusaku; Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Iwase, Hiroshi*; Nakashima, Hiroshi; et al.
Annals of Nuclear Energy, 82, p.110 - 115, 2015/08
Times Cited Count：34 Percentile：93.49(Nuclear Science & Technology)The general purpose Monte Carlo Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System, PHITS, is being developed through a collaboration of several institutes in Japan and Europe. The Japan Atomic Energy Agency is responsible for managing the entire project. PHITS can deal with the transport of nearly all particles, including neutrons, protons, heavy ions, photons, and electrons, over wide energy ranges using various nuclear reaction models and data libraries. This paper briefly summarizes the physics models implemented in PHITS, and introduces some important functions useful for particular purposes, such as an event generator mode and beam transport functions.
COgawa, Tatsuhiko; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Hashimoto, Shintaro; Satoh, Daiki; Tsuda, Shuichi; Niita, Koji*
Physical Review C, 92(2), p.024614_1 - 024614_14, 2015/08
Times Cited Count：44 Percentile：92.28(Physics, Nuclear)For prediction of radiological impact of heavy ions in accelerator facilities, space missions and cancer therapy, nuclear reaction models play a fundamental role. As one of such models, JAERI Quantum molecular dynamics (JQMD) has been successfully used to describe production of residue and secondary particles in nucleus-nucleus collisions. However, it has been pinpointed that JQMD underestimates projectile-like fragments produced in peripheral collisions. Moreover, no cross section data systematically measured over a wide energy range are not available, which makes it difficult to benchmark the reaction models. In this study, we develop a method to measured fragmentation cross sections using a thick target and detecting fragments produced from incident ions fragmented in the target using telescope detectors. Thus we obtained fragmentation cross sections systematically over a wide energy range. We also revise the description of reaction mechanism and ground-state nuclear structure in JQMD to take into account for peripheral collisions accurately. So far, ground-state nuclei got excited and sometimes disintegrated owing to frame transform from the laboratory system to the center-of-mass system. Fragment production cross sections calculated by the revised JQMD (JQMD2.0) are in better agreement with the literature data.
Sihver, L.*; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Hashimoto, Shintaro; Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Niita, Koji*
Proceedings of IEEE Aerospace Conference 2015, 8 Pages, 2015/06
Precise predictions of the radiation environment inside space vehicles, and inside the human body, are essential when planning for long term deep space missions. Upgrading of nuclear reaction models in Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) was essential for application to radiological protection in space. In this paper, we present some physics models which have been recently improved and developed in PHITS. The items introduced in this paper are improvements of Kurotama Hybrid model, adopting of the Intra-Nuclear Cascade of Liege (INCL) model, development of statistical multi-fragmentation model (SMM) and combining the INCL and the Distorted Wave Born Approximation (DWBA) calculation. The results of verification studies for these models are also presented.
Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Hashimoto, Shintaro; Niita, Koji*
Proceedings of Joint International Conference on Mathematics and Computation, Supercomputing in Nuclear Applications and the Monte Carlo Method (M&C + SNA + MC 2015) (CD-ROM), 11 Pages, 2015/04
We develop a new radiation transport calculation algorithm to recover event-by-event quantities based on inclusive cross-section data with conserving energy and momentum. In radiation transport calculations based on inclusive cross-section data, conventional algorithms could predict average behavior of the particles, however, they could not consider fluctuations around the average. Moreover, calculation of kinematics among secondary particles and recoiled residues resulted from reactions were out of their scope. To overcome these difficulties, we developed a new algorithm which reproduces particle emission in each reaction in exact accordance with the chosen reaction channel. The algorithm makes it possible to predict event-by-event quantities such as nuclear recoil, secondary particle and energy spectra, in all kinds of reaction channels. To evaluate the impact of the new algorithm, it was applied to various simulation studies such as dose conversion coefficient evaluation, soft-error analysis and radiation damage prediction. The calculated data shows that the new algorithm is indispensable for such simulation studies.
Iwamoto, Yosuke; Sato, Tatsuhiko; Niita, Koji*; Matsuda, Norihiro; Hashimoto, Shintaro; Furuta, Takuya; Noda, Shusaku; Ogawa, Tatsuhiko; Iwase, Hiroshi*; Nakashima, Hiroshi; et al.
JAEA-Conf 2014-002, p.69 - 74, 2015/02
A general purpose Monte Carlo Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System, PHITS, is being developed through the collaboration of several institutes in Japan and Europe. PHITS can deal with the transport of nearly all particles, including neutrons, protons, heavy ions, photons, and electrons, over wide energy ranges using various nuclear reaction models and data libraries. All components of PHITS such as its source, executable and data-library files are assembled in one package and then distributed to many countries. More than 1,000 researchers apply the code to various research and development fields such as nuclear technology, accelerator design, medical physics, and cosmic-ray research. This presentation briefly summarizes the physics models implemented in PHITS, and introduces some important functions for specific applications, such as an event generator mode and a radiation damage calculation function.
