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論文

Lattice study of SU(2) gauge theory coupled to four adjoint Higgs fields

Catumba, G.*; 平口 敦基; Hou, W.-S.*; Jansen, K.*; Kao, Y.-J.*; David Lin, C.-J.*; Ramos, A.*; Sarkar, M.*

Physical Review Research (Internet), 6(4), p.043172_1 - 043172_12, 2024/11

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.6.043172

様々な表現の物質場と結合するゲージ理論は、物理学の様々な分野で重要な役割を果たしている。最近、銅酸化物超伝導体の最適ドーピング近傍の興味深い擬ギャップ相のいくつかの側面が、発現したSU(2)ゲージ対称性によって説明できるかもしれないことが提案された。ホールドーピングによる転移付近では、4つの随伴スカラー場と結合した(2+1)次元SU(2)ゲージ理論を構築することができ、異なる破れた対称性を持つ様々な相が存在する豊かな相図を与える。我々は、ハイブリッドモンテカルロ法を用いて、ユークリッド格子上でこのモデルの相図を研究した。その結果、これまでの平均場の研究で予言されていたように、対称性が破れた複数の相が存在することがわかった。4点相互作用によって、摂動論の範囲ではこの理論のSU(2)ゲージ対称性はU(1)か$$mathbb{Z}_2$$に分解される。さらに、我々はこの理論における閉じ込め-非閉じ込め転移を評価し、我々が研究した格子体積の範囲では、どちらの破れた相も非閉じ込め相であることを見いだした。しかしながら、ポリヤコフループの振る舞いには2つの相で顕著な違いがあることがわかった。

論文

Lattice investigation of the general Two Higgs Doublet Model with $$SU(2)$$ gauge fields

Catumba, G.*; 平口 敦基; W.-S. Hou, G.*; Jansen, K.*; Kao, Y.-J.*; David Lin, C.-J.*; Ramos, A.*; Sarkar, M.*

Proceedings of Science (Internet), 453, p.87_1 - 87_9, 2024/11

https://doi.org/10.22323/1.453.0087

本研究では、$$SU(2)$$ゲージ場と相互作用する一般的な2ヒッグスダブレット模型を格子ゲージ理論で議論する。秩序変数の代わりとしてゲージ不変の大域的観測量を計算することにより、この模型の相図を調べた。それぞれの相において、裸の結合定数の組み合わせや対称性の破れのパターンを変えて理論のスカラー粒子およびベクトルボソン粒子の質量の評価を行なった。またスケール設定と走るゲージ結合定数の決定は、ウィルソンフロウの計算によって行なった。

論文

Study of 3-dimensional SU(2) gauge theory with adjoint Higgs as a model for cuprate superconductors

Catumba, G.*; 平口 敦基; W.-S. Hou, G.*; Jansen, K.*; Kao, Y.-J.*; David Lin, C.-J.*; Ramos, A.*; Sarkar, M.*

Proceedings of Science (Internet), 453, p.362_1 - 362_7, 2024/11

https://doi.org/10.22323/1.453.0362

本研究では、最近Sachdevらによって最適ドーピング付近の銅酸化物超伝導体の物理を説明するために提案された、随伴表現の4つのヒッグス場を持つ3次元SU(2)ゲージ理論を議論する。この理論の閉じ込め相は通常のフェルミ液体相に対応し、ヒッグス相は銅酸化物の擬ギャップ相に対応しており、我々はハイブリッドモンテカルロ法を用いて理論の相図を調査した。我々は、先行研究の平均場での計算に定性的に従う様々な相の存在を発見し、銅酸化物におけるそれらの役割について議論する。さらに、閉じ込め非閉じ込め相転移を調べるためにポリヤコフループの振る舞いを調べ、ヒッグス相が安定な非閉じ込め相を持つことを見いだした。

論文

Onset of collectivity for argon isotopes close to $$N=32$$

Linh, B. D.*; Corsi, A.*; Gillibert, A.*; Obertelli, A.*; Doornenbal, P.*; Barbieri, C.*; Duguet, T.*; G$'o$mez-Ramos, M.*; Holt, J. D.*; Hu, B. S.*; et al.

Physical Review C, 109(3), p.034312_1 - 034312_15, 2024/03

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.109.034312
 被引用回数：2 パーセンタイル：58.81(Physics, Nuclear)

理化学研究所RIビームファクトリーにて中性子過剰核$$^{50}$$Arビームからの1中性子ノックアウト反応実験を行い、$$^{49}$$Arのエネルギー準位および分光学的因子を導出した。特に、第一励起状態の$$1/2^-$$への分光学的因子が大きいことから、始状態の$$^{50}$$Arの基底状態において中性子が$$p_{1/2}$$軌道を多く占めていることがわかった。これは、中性子数32がよい魔法数として知られる$$^{52}$$Caとは異なった性質であり、カルシウムからアルゴンへと陽子が2個減ることで閉殻構造が大きく崩れることが明らかになった。

論文

Laser-induced creation of antiferromagnetic 180-degree domains in NiO/Pt bilayers

Meer, H.*; Wust, S.*; Schmitt, C.*; Herrgen, P.*; Fuhrmann, F.*; Hirtle, S.*; Bednarz, B.*; Rajan, A.*; Ramos, R.*; Ni$~n$o, M. A.*; et al.

Advanced Functional Materials, 33(21), p.2213536_1 - 2213536_6, 2023/05

https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202213536
 被引用回数：6 パーセンタイル：58.52(Chemistry, Multidisciplinary)

The antiferromagnetic order in heterostructures of NiO/Pt thin films can be modified by optical pulses. After the irradiation with laser light, the optically induced creation of antiferromagnetic domains can be observed by imaging the created domain structure utilizing the X-ray magnetic linear dichroism effect. The effect of different laser polarizations on the domain formation can be studied and used to identify a polarization-independent creation of 180$$^{circ}$$ domain walls and domains with 180$$^{circ}$$ different N$'e$el vector orientation. By varying the irradiation parameters, the switching mechanism can be determined to be thermally induced. This study demonstrates experimentally the possibility to optically create antiferromagnetic domains, an important step towards future functionalization of all optical switching mechanisms in antiferromagnets.

論文

Multiple mechanisms in proton-induced nucleon removal at $$sim$$100 MeV/nucleon

Pohl, T.*; Sun, Y. L.*; Obertelli, A.*; Lee, J.*; G$'o$mez-Ramos, M.*; 緒方 一介*; 吉田 数貴; Cai, B. S.*; Yuan, C. X.*; Brown, B. A.*; et al.

Physical Review Letters, 130(17), p.172501_1 - 172501_8, 2023/04

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.172501
 被引用回数：12 パーセンタイル：88.25(Physics, Multidisciplinary)

大きなフェルミ面非対称性を持つ陽子過剰な$$^{14}$$O原子核からの100MeV/nucleonでの陽子による陽子・中性子除去反応について報告した。この結果は、quasi-freeノックアウト反応、非弾性散乱、核子移行反応を含む複数の反応機構の定量的寄与を初めて示すものである。このようなエネルギー領域では通常無視される非弾性散乱と核子移行の寄与が、弱束縛陽子と強束縛中性子の除去反応断面積にそれぞれ約50%と30%寄与していることが示された。

論文

Investigation of the ground-state spin inversion in the neutron-rich $$^{47,49}$$Cl isotopes

Linh, B. D.*; Corsi, A.*; Gillibert, A.*; Obertelli, A.*; Doornenbal, P.*; Barbieri, C.*; Chen, S.*; Chung, L. X.*; Duguet, T.*; G$'o$mez-Ramos, M.*; et al.

Physical Review C, 104(4), p.044331_1 - 044331_16, 2021/10

AA2021-0468.pdf:1.29MB

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.104.044331
 被引用回数：10 パーセンタイル：72.28(Physics, Nuclear)

理化学研究所のRIビームファクトリーにて中性子過剰$$^{47,49}$$Clの励起状態を$$^{50}$$Arからのノックアウト反応によって生成し、脱励起ガンマ線からそのエネルギー準位を測定した。また、陽子ノックアウトの運動量分布から$$^{49}$$Clの基底状態が$$3/2^+$$であることがわかった。その結果を大規模殻模型計算およびいくつかの第一原理計算と比較した。$$^{47,49}$$Cl同位体の基底状態および第一励起状態は、計算で用いた相互作用に敏感であることがわかった。それは、陽子の一粒子エネルギーと四重極集団運動との複雑な結合によるためであると考えられる。

論文

Experimental evidence for common driving effects in low-energy fission from sublead to actinides

Schmitt, C.*; Lemasson, A.*; Schmidt, K.-H.*; Jhingan, A.*; Biswas, S.*; Kim, Y. H.*; Ramos, D.*; Andreyev, A. N.; Curien, D.*; Ciemala, M.*; et al.

Physical Review Letters, 126(13), p.132502_1 - 132502_6, 2021/04

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.132502
 被引用回数：23 パーセンタイル：81.57(Physics, Multidisciplinary)

Isotopic distributions of fragments from fission of the neutron-deficient $$^{178}$$Hg nuclide are reported. This experimental observable is obtained for the first time in the region around lead using an innovative approach based on inverse kinematics and the coincidence between the large acceptance magnetic spectrometer VAMOS++ and a new detection arm close to the target. The average fragment $$N/Z$$ ratio and prompt neutron $$Mn$$ multiplicity are derived and compared with current knowledge from actinide fission. A striking consistency emerges, revealing the unexpected dominant role of the proton subsystem with atomic number between the $$Z$$ = 28 and 50 magic numbers. The origin of nuclear charge polarization in fission and fragment deformation at scission are discussed.

論文

Simultaneous determination of neutron-induced fission and radiative capture cross sections from decay probabilities obtained with a surrogate reaction

P$'e$rez S$'a$nchez, R.*; Jurado, B.*; M$'e$ot, V.*; Roig, O.*; Dupuis, M.*; Bouland, O.*; Denis-Petit, D.*; Marini, P.*; Mathieu, L.*; Tsekhanovich, I.*; et al.

Physical Review Letters, 125(12), p.122502_1 - 122502_5, 2020/09

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.122502
 被引用回数：21 パーセンタイル：70.42(Physics, Multidisciplinary)

Reliable neutron-induced-reaction cross sections of unstable nuclei are essential for nuclear astrophysics and applications but their direct measurement is often impossible. The surrogate-reaction method is one of the most promising alternatives to access these cross sections. In this work, we successfully applied the surrogate-reaction method to infer for the first time both the neutron-induced fission and radiative capture cross sections of $$^{239}$$Pu in a consistent manner from a single measurement. This was achieved by combining simultaneously measured fission and $$gamma$$-emission probabilities for the $$^{240}$$Pu($$^{4}$$He, $$^{4}$$He') surrogate reaction with a calculation of the angular-momentum and parity distributions populated in this reaction. While other experiments measure the probabilities for some selected $$gamma$$-ray transitions, we measure the $$gamma$$-emission probability. This enlarges the applicability of the surrogate-reaction method.

論文

Sequential nature of ($$p,3p$$) two-proton knockout from neutron-rich nuclei

Frotscher, A.*; G$'o$mez-Ramos, M.*; Obertelli, A.*; Doornenbal, P.*; Authelet, G.*; 馬場 秀忠*; Orlandi, R.; 他86名*

Physical Review Letters, 125(1), p.012501_1 - 012501_7, 2020/07

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.012501
 被引用回数：10 パーセンタイル：57.53(Physics, Multidisciplinary)

Twenty-one two-proton ($$p,3p$$) knock-out cross sections of neutron-rich radioactive isotopes were measured in inverse kinematics using the MINOS time-projection chamber at RIBF, RIKEN. The proton angular distributions, measured for the first time, reveal that the reaction kinematics of the ($$p,3p$$) reaction is consistent with sequential proton collisions within the projectile nucleus.

論文

In-source laser spectroscopy of dysprosium isotopes at the ISOLDE-RILIS

Chrysalidis, K.*; Barzakh, A. E.*; Ahmed, R.*; Andreyev, A. N.; Ballof, J.*; Cubiss, J. G.*; Fedorov, D. V.*; Fedosseev, V. N.*; Fraile, L. M.*; Harding, R. D.*; et al.

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B, 463, p.472 - 475, 2020/01

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2019.04.021
 被引用回数：3 パーセンタイル：29.83(Instruments & Instrumentation)

放射壊変によって生成された多数のジスプロシウム同位体について、ISOLDEのレーザー共鳴イオン源(RILIS)を用いてイオン源内レーザー分光法によって研究した。$$^{152}$$Dyに対する相対的な同位体シフトを$$4f^{10}6s^{2}~^{5}I_{8}$$ (gs) $$rightarrow$$ $$4f^{10}6s6p~(8,1)^{o}_{8}$$共鳴遷移を用いて測定した。電子的因子Fとマスシフト因子Mを導出し、それらを使って$$^{rm 145m}$$Dyと$$^{rm 147m}$$Dyの平均自乗荷電半径の変化を初めて決定した。

論文

Further theoretical analysis on the $$K$$$$^{-3}$$He$$rightarrow$$$$Lambda$$$$pn$$ reaction for the $$bar{K} N N$$ bound-state search in the J-PARC E15 experiment

関原 隆泰; Oset, E.*; Ramos, A.*

JPS Conference Proceedings (Internet), 26, p.023009_1 - 023009_4, 2019/11

https://doi.org/10.7566/JPSCP.26.023009

In this contribution we theoretically investigate what is the origin of the peak structure observed in the E15 experiment at J-PARC. Since the peak exists near the $$K^{-} p p$$ threshold, we expect two scenarios to produce the peak. One is that the $$Lambda (1405)$$ is generated but it does not correlate with $$p$$, and the uncorrelated $$Lambda (1405)$$-$$p$$ system subsequently decays into $$Lambda p$$. The other is that the $$bar{K} N N$$ quasi-bound state is indeed generated and decays into $$Lambda p$$. We calculate the $$Lambda p$$ invariant mass spectrum of the reaction with these two scenarios and compare it with the experimental one to interpret the experimental peak structure.

論文

Room temperature and low-field resonant enhancement of spin Seebeck effect in partially compensated magnets

Ramos, R.*; 日置 友智*; 橋本 佑介*; 吉川 貴史*; Frey, P.*; Kreil, A. J. E.*; Vasyuchka, V. I.*; Serga, A. A.*; Hillebrands, B.*; 齊藤 英治

Nature Communications (Internet), 10, p.5162_1 - 5162_8, 2019/11

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13121-5
 被引用回数：27 パーセンタイル：75.42(Multidisciplinary Sciences)

Resonant enhancement of spin Seebeck effect (SSE) due to phonons was recently discovered in Y$$_3$$Fe$$_5$$O$$_{12}$$ (YIG). This effect is explained by hybridization between the magnon and phonon dispersions. However, this effect was observed at low temperatures and high magnetic fields, limiting the scope for applications. Here we report observation of phonon-resonant enhancement of SSE at room temperature and low magnetic field. We observe in Lu$$_2$$BiFe$$_4$$GaO$$_{12}$$ an enhancement 700% greater than that in a YIG film and at very low magnetic fields around 10$$^{-1}$$ T, almost one order of magnitude lower than that of YIG. The result can be explained by the change in the magnon dispersion induced by magnetic compensation due to the presence of non-magnetic ion substitutions. Our study provides a way to tune the magnon response in a crystal by chemical doping, with potential applications for spintronic devices.

論文

Interfacial ferromagnetism and atomic structures in high-temperature grown Fe$$_3$$O$$_4$$/Pt/Fe$$_3$$O$$_4$$ epitaxial trilayers

吉川 貴史*; 鈴木 基寛*; Ramos, R.*; Aguirre, M. H.*; 岡林 潤*; 内田 健一*; Lucas, I.*; Anad$'o$n, A.*; 菊池 大介*; Algarabel, P. A.*; et al.

Journal of Applied Physics, 126(14), p.143903_1 - 143903_11, 2019/10

https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5125761
 被引用回数：11 パーセンタイル：42.76(Physics, Applied)

Induced Pt ferromagnetism in Fe$$_3$$O$$_4$$/Pt/Fe$$_3$$O$$_4$$ epitaxial trilayer films has been investigated by means of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) at the Pt $$L_{3,2}$$-edges at various temperatures from 300 K to 12 K, including the metal-insulator transition temperature of Fe$$_3$$O$$_4$$ ($$T_mathrm{V}sim 114$$ K). At all the temperatures, we observed clear XMCD signals due to Pt ferromagnetism, the amplitude of which was determined to be 0.39 $$mu_mathrm{B}$$ at 300K and 0.52 $$mu_mathrm{B}$$ at 12 K for the sample with the Pt thickness of $$sim 2$$ nm. Interestingly, these values are comparable to or even greater than those in Pt/3$$d$$-ferromagnetic-metal (Fe, Ni, Co, and Ni$$_{81}$$Fe$$_{19}$$) junction systems. The results can be interpreted in terms of a possible Fe interdiffusion into the Pt layer and also possible Fe-Pt alloying due to its high-temperature deposition.

論文

Mechanism of N$'e$el order switching in antiferromagnetic thin films revealed by magnetotransport and direct imaging

Baldrati, L.*; Gomonay, O.*; Ross, A.*; Filianina, M.*; Lebrun, R.*; Ramos, R.*; Leveille, C.*; Fuhrmann, F.*; Forrest, T. R.*; Maccherozzi, F.*; et al.

Physical Review Letters, 123(17), p.177201_1 - 177201_6, 2019/10

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.177201
 被引用回数：130 パーセンタイル：97.93(Physics, Multidisciplinary)

We probe the current-induced magnetic switching of insulating antiferromagnet-heavy-metal systems, by electrical spin Hall magnetoresistance measurements and direct imaging, identifying a reversal occurring by domain wall (DW) motion. We observe switching of more than one-third of the antiferromagnetic domains by the application of current pulses. Our data reveal two different magnetic switching mechanisms leading together to an efficient switching, namely, the spin-current induced effective magnetic anisotropy variation and the action of the spin torque on the DWs.

論文

Electromagnetic properties of low-lying states in neutron-deficient Hg isotopes; Coulomb excitation of $$^{182}$$Hg, $$^{184}$$Hg, $$^{186}$$Hg and $$^{188}$$Hg

Wrzosek-Lipska, K.*; Rezynkina, K.*; Bree, N.*; Zieli$'n$ska, M.*; Gaffney, L. P.*; Petts, A.*; Andreyev, A. N.; Bastin, B.*; Bender, M.*; Blazhev, A.*; et al.

European Physical Journal A, 55(8), p.130_1 - 130_23, 2019/08

https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2019-12815-2
 被引用回数：17 パーセンタイル：79.37(Physics, Nuclear)

The neutron-deficient mercury isotopes serve as a classical example of shape coexistence, whereby at low energy near-degenerate nuclear states characterized by different shapes appear. The electromagnetic structure of even-mass $$^{182-188}$$Hg isotopes was studied using safe-energy Coulomb excitation of neutron-deficient mercury beams delivered by the REX-ISOLDE facility at CERN. The population of 0$$^{+}_{1,2}$$, 2$$^{+}_{1,2}$$, and 4$$^{+}_{1}$$ states was observed in all nuclei under study. Reduced $$E2$$ matrix elements coupling populated yrast and non-yrast states were extracted, including their relative signs. These are a sensitive probe of shape coexistence and may be used to validate nuclear models. The experimental results are discussed in terms of mixing of two different configurations and are compared with three different model calculations: the Beyond Mean Field model, the Interacting Boson Model with configuration mixing and the General Bohr Hamiltonian. Partial agreement with experiment was observed, hinting to missing ingredients in the theoretical descriptions.

論文

Antiferromagnetic NiO thickness dependent sign of the spin Hall magnetoresistance in $$gamma$$-Fe$$_2$$O$$_3$$/NiO/Pt epitaxial stacks

Dong, B.-W.*; Baldrati, L.*; Schneider, C.*; 新関 友彦*; Ramos, R.*; Ross, A.*; Cramer, J.*; 齊藤 英治; Kl$"a$ui, M.*

Applied Physics Letters, 114(10), p.102405_1 - 102405_5, 2019/03

https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5080766
 被引用回数：12 パーセンタイル：48.96(Physics, Applied)

We study the spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) in epitaxial $$gamma$$-Fe$$_2$$O$$_3$$/NiO(001)/Pt stacks, as a function of temperature and thickness of the antiferromagnetic insulating NiO layer. Upon increasing the thickness of NiO from 0 nm to 10 nm, we detect a sign change of the SMR in the temperature range between 10 K and 280 K. This temperature dependence of the SMR in our stacks is different compared to that of previously studied yttrium iron garnet/NiO/Pt, as we do not find any peak or sign change as a function of temperature. We explain our data by a combination of spin current reflection from both the NiO/Pt and $$gamma$$-Fe$$_2$$O$$_3$$/NiO interfaces and the thickness-dependent exchange coupling mode between the NiO and $$gamma$$-Fe$$_2$$O$$_3$$ layers, comprising parallel alignment for thin NiO and perpendicular alignment for thick NiO.

論文

Theoretical analysis on the $$K^{-3}$$He $$rightarrow Lambda pn$$ reaction for the $$bar{K} N N$$ bound-state search in the J-PARC E15 experiment

関原 隆泰; Oset, E.*; Ramos, A.*

Proceedings of Science (Internet), 310, p.199_1 - 199_5, 2018/03

https://doi.org/10.22323/1.310.0199

In this contribution we theoretically investigate what is the origin of the peak structure observed in the E15 experiment at J-PARC. Since the peak exists near the $$K^{-} p p$$ threshold, we expect two scenarios to produce the peak. One is that the $$Lambda (1405)$$ is generated but it does not correlate with $$p$$, and the uncorrelated $$Lambda (1405)$$-$$p$$ system subsequently decays into $$Lambda p$$. The other is that the $$bar{K} N N$$ quasi-bound state is indeed generated and decays into $$Lambda p$$. We calculate the $$Lambda p$$ invariant mass spectrum of the reaction with these two scenarios and compare it with the experimental one to interpret the experimental peak structure.

論文

What makes the peak structure of the $$Lambda p$$ invariant-mass spectrum in the $$K^{-3} rm He rightarrow Lambda$$$$pn$$ reaction?

関原 隆泰; Oset, E.*; Ramos, A.*

Acta Physica Polonica B, 48(10), p.1869 - 1874, 2017/10

https://doi.org/10.5506/APhysPolB.48.1869
 被引用回数：1 パーセンタイル：11.08(Physics, Multidisciplinary)

In this contribution we theoretically investigate what is the origin of the peak structure observed in the E15 experiment at J-PARC. Since the peak exists near the $$K^{-}pp$$ threshold, we expect two scenarios to produce the peak. One is that the $$Lambda (1405)$$ is generated but it does not correlate with $$p$$, and the uncorrelated $$Lambda (1405)$$-$$p$$ system subsequently decays into $$Lambda p$$. The other is that the $$bar{K} N N$$ quasi-bound state is indeed generated and decays into $$Lambda p$$. We calculate the $$Lambda p$$ invariant mass spectrum of the reaction with these two scenarios and compare it with the experimental one to interpret the experimental peak structure.

論文

Temperature dependence of the spin Seebeck effect in [Fe$$_{3}$$O$$_{4}$$/Pt]n multilayers

Ramos, R.*; 吉川 貴史*; Anad$'o$n, A.*; Lucas, I.*; 内田 健一*; Algarabel, P. A.*; Morell$'o$n, L.*; Aguirre, M. H.*; 齊藤 英治; Ibarra, M. R.*

AIP Advances (Internet), 7(5), p.055915_1 - 055915_7, 2017/05

https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4974060
 被引用回数：20 パーセンタイル：63.30(Nanoscience & Nanotechnology)

We report temperature dependent measurements of the spin Seebeck effect (SSE) in multilayers formed by repeated growth of a Fe$$_3$$O$$_4$$/Pt bilayer junction. The magnitude of the observed enhancement of the SSE, relative to the SSE in the single bilayer, shows a monotonic increase with decreasing the temperature. This result can be understood by an increase of the characteristic length for spin current transport in the system, in qualitative agreement with the recently observed increase in the magnon diffusion length in Fe$$_3$$O$$_4$$ at lower temperatures. Our result suggests that the thermoelectric performance of the SSE in multilayer structures can be further improved by careful choice of materials with suitable spin transport properties.

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