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成川 隆文; 天谷 政樹
Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 57(7), p.782 - 791, 2020/07
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：100(Nuclear Science & Technology)To evaluate the fracture resistance of high-burnup advanced fuel cladding tubes during the long-term core cooling period following loss-of-coolant accidents (LOCAs), laboratory-scale four-point-bend tests were performed using the following advanced fuel cladding tubes with burnups of 73 - 84 GWd/t: low-tin ZIRLO
, M5
, and Zircaloy-2 (LK3). Three four-point-bend tests were performed on the high-burnup advanced fuel cladding tube specimens subjected to the integral thermal shock tests which simulated LOCA conditions (ballooning and rupture, oxidation in high-temperature steam, and quench). During the four-point-bend tests, all the specimens that were oxidized at 1474 K to 9.9% - 21.5% equivalent cladding reacted exhibited brittle fractures. The maximum bending moments were comparable to those of the conventional Zircaloy cladding tube specimens. Furthermore, the effects of oxidation and hydriding on the maximum bending moment were comparable between the high-burnup advanced fuel cladding tube specimens and the unirradiated Zircaloy-4 cladding tube specimens. Therefore, it can be concluded that the post-LOCA fracture resistance of fuel cladding tubes is not significantly reduced by extending the burnup to 84 GWd/t and using the advanced fuel cladding tubes, though it may slightly decrease with increasing initial hydrogen concentration in a relatively lower ECR range (
15%), as observed for the unirradiated Zircaloy-4 cladding tubes.
阿部 雄太; 山下 拓哉; 佐藤 一憲; 中桐 俊男; 石見 明洋
Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science, 6(2), p.021113_1 - 021113_9, 2020/04
The authors are developing an experimental technology for simulating severe accident (SA) conditions using simulate fuel material (ZrO
) that would contribute, not only to Fukushima Daiichi (1F) decommissioning, but also to enhance the safety of worldwide existing and future nuclear power plants through clarification of accident progression behavior. Nontransfer (NTR) type plasma, which has been in practical use with a large torch capacity as high as 2 MW, has the potential to heat subject materials to very high temperatures without selecting the target to be heated. When simulating 1F with SA code, the target of this core-material-melting and relocation (CMMR) experiment was to confirm that NTR plasma has a sufficient heating performance realizing large temperature gradients (
2000 K/m) expected under 1F conditions. The authors selected NTR-type plasma-heating technology that has the advantage of continuous heating in addition to its high-temperature level. The CMMR-2 experiments were carried out in 2017 applying the improved technology (higher heating power and controlled oxygen concentration). The CMMR-2 experiment adopted a 30-min heating period, wherein the power was increased to a level where a large temperature gradient was expected at the lower part of the core under actual 1F accident conditions. Most of the control blade and channel box migrated from the original position. After heating, the simulated fuel assembly was measured by X-ray computed tomography (CT) technology and by electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA). CT pictures and elemental mapping demonstrated its excellent performance with rather good precision. Based on these results, an excellent perspective, in terms of applicability of the NTR-type plasma-heating technology to the SA experimental study, was obtained.
直江 崇; Harjo, S.; 川崎 卓郎; Xiong, Z.*; 二川 正敏
JPS Conference Proceedings (Internet), 28, p.061009_1 - 061009_6, 2020/02
J-PARCの核破砕中性子源に設置されている316L鋼製の水銀ターゲット容器は、陽子及び中性子照射環境により損傷する。照射損傷に加えて、陽子線励起圧力波により期待される設計寿命である5000時間の運転中に、約4.5億回の繰返し応力を受ける。これまでに容器構造材のギガサイクルまでの疲労挙動を調査するために、超音波疲労試験を実施し、疲労後の残強度を測定するなかで、繰返し硬化及び軟化現象を観測した。本研究では、ギガサイクルまでの繰返し硬化/軟化について調査するために、物質・生命科学実験施設(BL-19匠)で中性子回折により繰返し負荷後の試料の転位密度を測定した。その結果、受け入れ材は負荷の繰返し数の増加と共に転位密度が増加した。一方、照射による転位導入を模擬した冷間圧延材は、負荷の繰返し過程において転位の消滅と再蓄積が確認された。ワークショップでは、ターゲット容器構造材のギガサイクルまでの疲労試験の進捗と中性子回折の測定結果について報告する。
成川 隆文; 天谷 政樹
Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 57(1), p.68 - 78, 2020/01
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：100(Nuclear Science & Technology)To evaluate the fracture limit of high-burnup advanced fuel cladding tubes under loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) conditions, laboratory-scale integral thermal shock tests were performed using the following advanced fuel cladding tubes with burnups of 73 - 85 GWd/t: M-MDA, low-tin ZIRLO, M5, and Zircaloy-2 (LK3). In total eight integral thermal shock tests were performed for these specimens, simulating LOCA conditions including ballooning and rupture, oxidation, hydriding, and quenching. During the tests, the specimens were oxidized to 10% - 30% equivalent cladding reacted (ECR) at approximately 1473 K and were quenched under axial restraint load of approximately 520 - 530 N. The effects of burnup extension and use of the advanced fuel cladding tubes on the ballooning and rupture, oxidation, and hydriding under LOCA conditions were inconsiderable. Further, the high-burnup advanced fuel cladding tube specimens did not fracture in the ECR values equal to or lower than the fracture limits of the unirradiated Zircaloy-4 cladding tube reported in previous studies. Therefore, it can be concluded that the fracture limit of fuel cladding tubes is not significantly reduced by extending the burnup to approximately 85 GWd/t and using the advanced fuel cladding tubes, though it slightly decreases with increasing initial hydrogen concentration.
高松 邦吉; 松元 達也*; Liu, W.*; 守田 幸路*
Annals of Nuclear Energy, 133, p.830 - 836, 2019/11
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：100(Nuclear Science & Technology)輻射及び自然対流による受動的安全性を持つ革新的な原子炉圧力容器冷却設備(RCCS)を提案した。このRCCSは、連続した2つの閉空間(RPV周囲にある圧力容器室、大気と熱交換を行う冷却室)から構成される。また、RPVからの放出熱を、できるだけ輻射を用いて効率的に除去するため、今までに無い新しい形状を採用している。さらに、崩壊熱除去を行う際、作動流体及び最終ヒートシンクとして空気を用いることで、それらを失う可能性が大幅に低減される。そこで、本冷却設備の優れた除熱性能を示すために、等倍縮小した除熱試験装置を製作し、実験を開始した。本研究では、実機のRCCSと等倍縮小した除熱試験装置を比較する方法を提案する。
成川 隆文; 天谷 政樹
Proceedings of International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Conference / Light Water Reactor Fuel Performance Conference (Global/Top Fuel 2019) (USB Flash Drive), p.912 - 921, 2019/09
To evaluate behavior of high-burnup advanced light-water-reactor fuel cladding tubes under loss-of-coolant accident conditions, laboratory-scale isothermal oxidation tests and integral thermal shock tests were performed using the following advanced fuel cladding tubes with burnups of 73-85 GWd/t: M-MDA, low-tin ZIRLO, M5textregistered, and Zircaloy-2 (LK3). The isothermal oxidation tests were performed in steam-flowing conditions at temperatures ranging from 1173 to 1473 K for durations between 120 and 4000 s. The oxidation kinetics of the high-burnup advanced fuel cladding tube specimens was comparable to or slower than that of the unirradiated Zircaloy-4 cladding tube and was slower than that given by the Baker-Just oxidation rate equation. Therefore, the oxidation kinetics is considered to be not significantly accelerated by extending the burnup and changing the alloy composition. During the integral thermal shock tests, the high-burnup advanced fuel cladding tube specimens did not fracture under the oxidation condition equivalent to or lower than the fracture limit of the unirradiated Zircaloy-4 cladding tube. Therefore, the fracture limit of fuel cladding tubes is considered to be not significantly reduced by extending the burnup and changing the alloy composition, though it may slightly decrease with increasing initial hydrogen concentration.
成川 隆文; 天谷 政樹
Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 56(7), p.650 - 660, 2019/07
被引用回数：5 パーセンタイル：9.78(Nuclear Science & Technology)To evaluate the oxidation behavior of high-burnup advanced fuel cladding tubes in high-temperature steam, laboratory-scale isothermal oxidation tests were conducted using the following advanced fuel cladding tubes with burnups of up to 85 GWd/t: M-MDA, low-tin ZIRLO, M5, and Zircaloy-2 (LK3). These oxidation tests were performed in steam-flowing conditions at temperatures ranging from 1173 to 1473 K for durations between 120 and 4000 s, and the oxidation kinetics was evaluated. The oxidation kinetics of the high-burnup advanced fuel cladding tube specimens estimated by assuming the parabolic rate law was comparable to or slower than that of the unirradiated Zircaloy-4 cladding tube specimens reported in a previous study. It is considered that the protective effect of the corrosion layer hindered oxidation. Furthermore, no increase in the oxidation kinetics because of the pre-hydriding was observed. The onset times of the breakaway oxidations of these cladding tube specimens were comparable to those of the unirradiated Zircaloy-4 cladding tubes reported in previous studies. Therefore, it is considered that the burnup extension up to 85 GWd/t and the use of the advanced fuel cladding tubes do not significantly increase the oxidation kinetics and do not significantly reduce the onset time of the breakaway oxidation.
成川 隆文
核燃料, (54-2), P. 3, 2019/07
「ジルカロイ-4被覆管の冷却材喪失事故時急冷破断限界に関する不確かさ定量化及び低減手法の開発」が評価され、日本原子力学会の第7回核燃料部会賞(奨励賞)を受賞した。今回の受賞に関する所感を同部会報に寄稿する。
宇田川 豊; 山内 紹裕*; 北野 剛司*; 天谷 政樹
JAEA-Data/Code 2018-016, 79 Pages, 2019/01
JAEA-Data-Code-2018-016.pdf:2.75MB
FEMAXI-8は、軽水炉燃料の通常運転時及び過渡条件下の挙動解析を目的として原子力機構が開発・整備を進めてきたFEMAXI-7(2012年公開)の次期リリースに向けた最新バージョンである。FEMAXI-7は主に実験データ解析や燃料設計等研究/開発ツールとして利用されてきたが、燃料挙動に係る現象解明やモデル開発等の燃料研究分野における適用拡大並びに燃料の安全評価等への活用を念頭に、原子力機構ではその性能向上及び実証を進めた。具体的には新規モデル開発、既存モデルの改良及び拡充、プログラムのデータ/処理構造見直し、旧言語規格からの移植、バグフィックス、照射試験データベース構築等のインフラ整備、体系的な検証解析を通じた問題の発見と修正等を行うとともに、各種照射試験で取得された144ケースの実測データを対象とした総合的な性能評価を実施した。燃料中心温度について概ね相対誤差10%の範囲で実測値を再現する等、解析結果は実測データと妥当な一致を示した。
高松 邦吉; 松元 達也*; Liu, W.*; 守田 幸路*
Annals of Nuclear Energy, 122, p.201 - 206, 2018/12
被引用回数：1 パーセンタイル：73.25(Nuclear Science & Technology)輻射及び自然対流による受動的安全性を持つ革新的な原子炉圧力容器冷却設備(RCCS)を提案した。このRCCSは、連続した2つの閉空間(RPV周囲にある圧力容器室、大気と熱交換を行う冷却室)から構成される。また、RPVからの放出熱を、できるだけ輻射を用いて効率的に除去するため、今までに無い新しい形状を採用している。さらに、作動流体及び最終ヒートシンクとして空気を用いることで、崩壊熱除去を行う際、それら作動流体及びヒートシンクを失う可能性が大幅に低減される。本研究では、熱伝導を利用したRCCSの除熱能力の向上を目指した結果、除熱できる熱流束が2倍となり、RCCSの高さを半分に、または熱出力を2倍にすることが可能となった。
細見 成祐*; 明石 知泰*; 松元 達也*; Liu, W.*; 守田 幸路*; 高松 邦吉
Proceedings of 11th Korea-Japan Symposium on Nuclear Thermal Hydraulics and Safety (NTHAS-11) (Internet), 7 Pages, 2018/11
受動的安全性を備えた新しい炉容器冷却システム(RCCS)を提案する。RCCSは連続した2つの閉じた領域から構成される。1つは原子炉圧力容器(RPV)を囲む領域、もう1つは大気と熱交換をする冷却領域である。新しいRCCSはRPVから発生した熱を輻射や自然対流によって除去する。最終的なヒートシンクは大気であるため、電気的または機械的に駆動する機器は不要である。RCCSの性能を理解するためにスケールモデルを使用して実験を開始した。ヒーター壁と冷却壁に異なる放射率を設定し、3つの実験を実施した。ヒーターから放出された総熱出力および壁面温度分布に関するデータが得られた。モンテカルロ法を使ってヒーターから放出された総熱出力に対する放射の寄与を評価した。ヒーター壁を黒く塗った場合、総熱出力に対する放射の寄与は約60%まで増加できた。つまり、実機においてRPVの壁面の放射率を高くすることは有効である。同時に、冷却領域の壁面の放射率も高くすれば、大気への放射を増加できるだけでなく、RCCS内の対流熱伝達も促進できることがわかった。
湯村 尚典; 天谷 政樹
Annals of Nuclear Energy, 120, p.798 - 804, 2018/10
被引用回数：3 パーセンタイル：36.93(Nuclear Science & Technology)To investigate the relationship between the fracture resistance of a cladding tube and the amount of deformation of the cladding tube due to ballooning and rupture during a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA), four-point-bending tests were performed using non-irradiated Zircaloy-4 cladding tubes which experienced a LOCA-simulated sequence (ballooning, rupture, high temperature oxidation and quench). According to the obtained results, it was found that the maximum bending stress of the cladding tube after the LOCA-simulated sequence, which was defined as the fracture resistance, correlated to the average thickness of prior-
layer in the cladding tube. Based on the average thickness of prior- layer, the fracture resistance of the cladding tube with ballooning and rupture was expressed as functions of isothermal oxidation time and temperature and the maximum circumferential strain on the cladding tube.
渡辺 正*; 石垣 将宏*; 勝山 仁哉
Proceedings of 12th International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal-Hydraulics, Operation and Safety (NUTHOS-12) (USB Flash Drive), 9 Pages, 2018/10
LSTF及びPWRプラントに対する5%コールドレグ破断による冷却材喪失事故について、これらを対象とした解析モデルを整備し、RELAP5/MOD3.3コードを用いて解析を行った。臨界流モデルの放出係数は、LSTFに対する実験と解析の圧力過渡が一致するよう決定し、PWR解析にも適用した。その結果、解析結果は、LSTF実験に対する熱水力学的挙動をよく再現できることを示した。しかしながら、ループシールよる炉心における差圧の減少やループ流速は過小評価された。また、LSTF実験に対する解析ではボイルオフ中における炉心の加熱時間は長いものの、LSTFとPWRプラント間ではそれらはよく一致することから、スケーリング効果は小さいことも明らかとなった。
成川 隆文; 山口 彰*; Jang, S.*; 天谷 政樹
Proceedings of 14th International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management (PSAM-14) (USB Flash Drive), 10 Pages, 2018/09
The reduction of epistemic uncertainty for safety-related events that rarely occur or require high experimental costs is a key concern for researchers worldwide. In this study, we develop a new framework to effectively reduce parameter uncertainty, which is one of the epistemic uncertainties, by using the Bayesian optimal experimental design. In the experimental design, we used a decision theory that minimizes the Bayes generalization loss. For this purpose, we used the functional variance, which is a component of widely applicable information criterion, as a decision criterion for selecting informative data points. Then, we conducted a case study to apply the proposed framework to reduce the parameter uncertainty in the fracture boundary of a non-irradiated, pre-hydrided Zircaloy-4 cladding tube specimen under loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) conditions. The results of our case study proved that the proposed framework greatly reduced the Bayes generalization loss with minimal sample size compared with the case in which experimental data were randomly obtained. Thus, the proposed framework is useful for effectively reducing the parameter uncertainty of safety-related events that rarely occur or require high experimental costs.
成川 隆文
核燃料, (53-2), P. 5, 2018/08
日本原子力学会2017年秋の大会における発表「非照射ジルカロイ-4被覆管のLOCA時破断限界の不確かさ評価」が評価され、同学会の平成29年度核燃料部会賞(学会講演賞)を受賞した。今回の受賞に関する所感を同部会報に寄稿する。
吉田 浩子*; 松田 規宏; 斎藤 公明
Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 187, p.32 - 39, 2018/07
被引用回数：9 パーセンタイル：59.56(Environmental Sciences)In order to estimate residents' external dose due to radionuclide exposure resulting from fallout deposit on the ground, the shielding and dose reduction effects provided by structures such as houses and workplaces are taken into account as most individuals spend a large portion of their time indoors. Soon after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident, several measurements and calculations were performed to obtain specific reduction factors for Japanese settlements due to this lack of data. This research reviews previous studies that determined factors such as, shielding factors, protection factors, reduction factors, and location factors and summarizes specific results for Japan. We discuss the issues in determining these factors and in applying them to estimate indoor dose. The contribution of surface contamination to the indoor ambient dose equivalent rate is also discussed.
阿部 雄太; 山下 拓哉; 佐藤 一憲; 中桐 俊男; 石見 明洋; 永江 勇二
Proceedings of 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE-26) (Internet), 9 Pages, 2018/07
Authors are developing an experimental technology to realize experiments simulating Severe Accident (SA) conditions using simulant fuel material (ZrO with slight addition of MgO for stabilization) that would contribute not only to Fukushima Daiichi (1F) decommissioning but also to enhance the safety of worldwide existing and future nuclear power plants through clarification of the accident progression behavior. Based on the results of the prototype test, improvement of plasma heating technology was conducted. The Core Material Melting and Relocation (CMMR)-1/-2 experiments were carried out in 2017 with the large-scale simulated fuel assembly (1 m 
0.3 m 
) applying the improved technology (higher heating power and controlled oxygen concentration). In these two tests, heating history was different resulting basically in similar physical responses with more pronounced material melting and relocation in the CMMR-2 experiment. The CMMR-2 experiment is selected here from the viewpoint of establishing an experimental technology. The CMMR-2 experiment adopted 30-min heating period, the power was increased up to a level so that a large temperature gradient ( 2,000 K/m) expected at the lower part of the core in the actual 1F accident conditions. Most of the control blade and the channel box migrated from the original position. After the heating, the simulated fuel assembly was measured by the X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) technology and by Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA). CT pictures and elemental mapping demonstrated its excellent performance with rather good precision. Based on these results, an excellent perspective in terms of applicability of the non-transfer type plasma heating technology to the SA experimental study was obtained.
成川 隆文; 山口 彰*; Jang, S.*; 天谷 政樹
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 331, p.147 - 152, 2018/05
被引用回数：1 パーセンタイル：73.25(Nuclear Science & Technology)To quantify the fracture boundary uncertainty for non-irradiated, pre-hydrided Zircaloy-4 cladding tube specimens under loss-of-coolant accident conditions at a light-water reactor, data from integral thermal shock tests obtained by an earlier study are analyzed statistically and the fracture boundary is estimated in terms of probability, as follows. First, a method is proposed to obtain the specimens' fracture probability curve as a function of equivalent cladding reacted (ECR) and initial hydrogen concentration using Bayesian inference with a generalized linear model. A log-probit model is used, modified to reflect the effect of the initial hydrogen concentration on the fracture boundary and the ECR evaluation uncertainty, and scaled to improve convergence. Second, using the modified log-probit model, it is shown that the boundary representing a 5% fracture probability with 95% confidence for the pre-hydrided cladding tube sample is higher than 15% ECR, for initial hydrogen concentrations of up to 800 wppm.
竹田 武司
JAEA-Data/Code 2018-003, 60 Pages, 2018/03
JAEA-Data-Code-2018-003.pdf:3.68MB
LSTFを用いた実験(実験番号:SB-PV-07)が2005年6月9日に行われた。SB-PV-07実験では、PWRの1%圧力容器頂部小破断冷却材喪失事故を模擬した。このとき、高圧注入(HPI)系の全故障と蓄圧注入(ACC)タンクから一次系への非凝縮性ガス(窒素ガス)の流入を仮定した。実験では、上部ヘッドに形成される水位が破断流量に影響を与えることを見出した。一番目のアクシデントマネジメント(AM)策として、手動による両ループのHPI系から低温側配管への冷却材の注入を炉心出口最高温度が623Kに到達した時点で開始した。炉心出口温度の応答が遅くかつ緩慢であるため、燃料棒表面温度は大きく上昇した。AM策に従い、炉心水位が回復して炉心はクエンチした。また、二番目のAM策として、両ループの蒸気発生器(SG)逃し弁開放によるSG二次側減圧を一次系圧力が4MPaに低下した時点で開始したが、SG二次側圧力が一次系圧力に低下するまで一次系減圧に対して有効とならなかった。ACCタンクから窒素ガスの流入開始後、一次系とSG二次側の圧力差が大きくなった。本報告書は、SB-PV-07実験の手順、条件および実験で観察された主な結果をまとめたものである。
成川 隆文; 山口 彰*; Jang, S.*; 天谷 政樹
Journal of Nuclear Materials, 499, p.528 - 538, 2018/02
被引用回数：3 パーセンタイル：36.93(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)For estimating fracture probability of fuel cladding tube under loss-of-coolant accident conditions, laboratory-scale integral thermal shock tests were conducted on non-irradiated Zircaloy-4 cladding tube specimens. Then, the obtained binary data with respect to fracture or non-fracture of the cladding tube specimen were analyzed statistically. A method to obtain the fracture probability curve as a function of equivalent cladding reacted (ECR) was proposed using Bayesian inference for generalized linear models: probit, logit, and log-probit models. Then, model selection was performed in terms of physical characteristics and information criteria, a widely applicable information criterion and a widely applicable Bayesian information criterion. As a result, it was clarified that the log-probit model was the best model to estimate the fracture probability. It was shown that 20% ECR corresponded to a 5% probability level with a 95% confidence of fracture of the cladding tube specimens.
