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JAEA Reports

Evaluation report for sludge measurement by nondestructive assay (Plutonium Scrap Multiplicity Counter)(Joint research)

Tanigawa, Masafumi; Seya, Kazuhito*; Asakawa, Naoya*; Hayashi, Hiroyuki*; Horigome, Kazushi; Mukai, Yasunobu; Kitao, Takahiko; Nakamura, Hironobu; Henzlova, D.*; Swinhoe, M. T.*; et al.

JAEA-Technology 2024-014, 63 Pages, 2025/02

JAEA-Technology-2024-014.pdf:3.02MB

The liquid waste treatment process generated sludge items at the plutonium conversion development facility. They are highly heterogeneous and contain large amounts of impurities (Na, Fe, Ni etc.). Therefore, the sludge items have very large sampling uncertainty and so the total measurement uncertainty is very large (approximately 24%). The plutonium scrap multiplicity counter (PSMC) measurement technique for sludge items was developed by joint research between the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The technical validity for sludge items using the PSMC was evaluated using various types of sample measurements and Monte Carlo N-Particle transport code calculations. The PSMC measurement parameters were found to be valid for use with sludge items and the validity of multiplicity analysis was confirmed and demonstrated through comparisons with standard MOX powder and a standard sludge. As a result, the PSMC measurement values were shown to be consistent and reasonable and the large amount of impurity (Fe, Ni etc.) did not impact the results. Therefore, the measurement uncertainty of the improved nuclear material accountancy (NMA) procedure by combined PSMC and high-resolution gamma spectrometry was shown to be 6.5%. In addition, an acceptance test was conducted using PSMC/HRGS and IAEA benchmark equipment. Measured Pu mass by both equipment agrees within the measurement uncertainty of each method, and so the validity for Pu mass measurement by PSMC/HRGS was confirmed. The above results confirm the applicability of PSMC/HRGS as an additional NMA method for sludge and a newly designed NDA procedure based on this study is applied to sludge for NMA in PCDF.

Journal Articles

Neutron transmission measurements for silica glass at the KURNS-LINAC

Lee, J.; Rossi, F.; Kodama, Yu; Hironaka, Kota; Koizumi, Mitsuo; Sano, Tadafumi*; Matsuo, Yasunori*; Hori, Junichi*

Annals of Nuclear Energy, 211, p.111017_1 - 111017_7, 2025/02

 Times Cited Count:0 Percentile:0.00(Nuclear Science & Technology)

JAEA Reports

Research on factor analysis and technical process for achieving denuclearization; Investigation of DPRK' case

Tazaki, Makiko; Shimizu, Ryo; Kimura, Takashi; Suda, Kazunori

JAEA-Review 2024-043, 91 Pages, 2024/12

JAEA-Review-2024-043.pdf:2.68MB

As part of the "Research on Factor Analysis and Technical Processes for Denuclearization," this report examines the DPRK's nuclear development and denuclearization (through 2018) and analyzes it from the perspective of eight denuclearization factors, as week as discusses the lessons for denuclearization. Since the Korean War, DPRK has pursued nuclear weapon development for reasons such as ensuring national security, maintaining and strengthening the Kim regime and for bargaining chip in diplomatic negotiations and has come to possess nuclear weapons. In addition to economic sanctions imposed by the UN Security Council and the United States, the international community has tried to promote the denuclearization of DPRK by forming international frameworks, but none of them had succeeded. Denuclearization of DPRK will not be easy and even getting DPRK to the diplomatic table will be difficult. However, in order to realize CVID in the future, the international community must insist on the need for DPRK to comply with international nonproliferation norms, cooperate to ensure that sanctions by the five nuclear weapon states are implemented without creating "loopholes," and, based on the principle of "promise for promise, action for action" presented at the six-party talks, respond immediately to DPRK's denuclearization measures. It will be necessary to continue efforts to implement sanctions in a step-by-step manner, with credible verification.

JAEA Reports

Research on factor analysis and technical process for achieving denuclearization; Investigation of Iran's Case

Tazaki, Makiko; Shimizu, Ryo; Kimura, Takashi; Suda, Kazunori

JAEA-Review 2024-041, 88 Pages, 2024/11

JAEA-Review-2024-041.pdf:2.83MB

As part of the "Research on factor analysis and technical processes for achieving denuclearization", Investigation and analysis on Iran's nuclear development and denuclearization was conducted. Before Islamic Revolution, Iran pursued nuclear weapon related programs, however, the program was temporarily halted due to the Revolution. On the other hand, during the Iran-Iraq War, Iran was attacked by chemical weapons from Iraq, and it could not receive the response it wanted from the international community, so the Iran decided to pursue secret nuclear weapon program. In 2002, Iranian dissidents exposed Iran's clandestine nuclear activities, so the Iran seemed to have focused more on maintaining its uranium enrichment activities, rather than developing nuclear weapons. Since then, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom have been working to resolve the Iran's nuclear issues through diplomatic negotiations. In 2006, the US, Russia and PRC joined negotiations and in 2015, an agreement was reached with Iran as "Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)". The lessons learned from Iran's denuclearization are that there are needs for momentum toward denuclearization in the international community as well as concord and cooperation among the five nuclear-weapon states. In addition, not only the effective use of sanctions including the clear condition of its lifting, but also keeping guarantees for the peaceful use of nuclear energy should not be undermined.

Journal Articles

Applicability of passive neutron non-destructive assay technique for Pu quantification in advanced fast fuels

Eguchi, Aya*; Sagara, Hiroshi*; Mitsuboshi, Natsumi; Nagatani, Taketeru

Dai-45-Kai Nihon Kaku Busshitsu Kanri Gakkai Nenji Taikai Kaigi Rombunshu (Internet), 2 Pages, 2024/11

Advanced fast reactor fuel contains minor actinides and fission products such as lanthanides in addition to uranium and plutonium, and it is supposed to include neutrons and gamma-ray originating from sources other than nuclear materials even in its fresh status. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the applicability of passive neutron nondestructive measurement techniques using coincidence accounting, Differential Die Away Self Interrogation assay technique to the quantification of plutonium in advanced fast reactor fuels. This paper shows the results of Pu-240 effective mass calculation in the Pu neutron sources in the simple simulation design by neutron coincidence accounting for the benchmark of simulation code.

Journal Articles

Current status of uranium enrichment in Iran

Shimizu, Ryo

Dai-45-Kai Nihon Kaku Busshitsu Kanri Gakkai Nenji Taikai Kaigi Rombunshu (Internet), 4 Pages, 2024/11

no abstracts in English

Journal Articles

Opinions of experts on protection of nuclear facilities from armed attacks by state actors

Tazaki, Makiko

Dai-45-Kai Nihon Kaku Busshitsu Kanri Gakkai Nenji Taikai Kaigi Rombunshu (Internet), 4 Pages, 2024/11

no abstracts in English

Journal Articles

The Scope of nuclear facilities that may be protected by international treaties in the event of international armed conflict

Imamura, Yuri

Dai-45-Kai Nihon Kaku Busshitsu Kanri Gakkai Nenji Taikai Kaigi Rombunshu (Internet), 4 Pages, 2024/11

no abstracts in English

Journal Articles

Development of a nondestructive assay technique using a laser-driven neutron source

Koizumi, Mitsuo; Ito, Fumiaki*; Lee, J.; Hironaka, Kota; Takahashi, Tone; Suzuki, Satoshi*; Arikawa, Yasunobu*; Abe, Yuki*; Wei, T.*; Yogo, Akifumi*; et al.

Dai-45-Kai Nihon Kaku Busshitsu Kanri Gakkai Nenji Taikai Kaigi Rombunshu (Internet), 4 Pages, 2024/11

Journal Articles

Linkage between nuclear security and nuclear disarmament stated by some countries; In the wake of Statements at ICONS2024

Kato, Yuya

Dai-45-Kai Nihon Kaku Busshitsu Kanri Gakkai Nenji Taikai Kaigi Rombunshu (Internet), 4 Pages, 2024/11

no abstracts in English

Journal Articles

Demonstration of shape analysis of neutron resonance transmission spectrum measured with a laser-driven neutron source

Koizumi, Mitsuo; Ito, Fumiaki*; Lee, J.; Hironaka, Kota; Takahashi, Tone; Suzuki, Satoshi*; Arikawa, Yasunobu*; Abe, Yuki*; Lan, Z.*; Wei, T.*; et al.

Scientific Reports (Internet), 14, p.21916_1 - 21916_9, 2024/09

 Times Cited Count:2 Percentile:0.00(Multidisciplinary Sciences)

Journal Articles

Application of deep metric learning model to microscope image analysis for the determination of UOC samples in nuclear forensics analysis

Kimura, Yoshiki; Matsumoto, Tetsuya*; Yamaguchi, Tomoki

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 333(7), p.3541 - 3551, 2024/07

 Times Cited Count:0 Percentile:0.00(Chemistry, Analytical)

Journal Articles

Single-shot laser-driven neutron resonance spectroscopy for temperature profiling

Lan, Z.*; Arikawa, Yasunobu*; Mirfayzi, S. R.*; Morace, A.*; Hayakawa, Takehito*; Sato, Hirotaka*; Kamiyama, Takashi*; Wei, T.*; Tatsumi, Yuta*; Koizumi, Mitsuo; et al.

Nature Communications (Internet), 15, p.5365_1 - 5365_7, 2024/07

 Times Cited Count:3 Percentile:79.20(Multidisciplinary Sciences)

Journal Articles

Measurement of the response of a $$^6$$Li-glass detector to gamma rays by a coincidence method

Ito, Fumiaki*; Lee, J.; Hironaka, Kota; Takahashi, Tone; Suzuki, Satoshi*; Mochimaru, Takanori*; Hori, Junichi*; Terada, Kazushi*; Koizumi, Mitsuo

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A, 1064, p.169465_1 - 169465_9, 2024/07

 Times Cited Count:0 Percentile:0.00(Instruments & Instrumentation)

Journal Articles

Preliminary status and results of the JAEA/ISCN fission signature assay instrument for delayed gamma-ray spectrometry nuclear safeguards

Rodriguez, D.; Akamatsu, Shunsuke*; Rossi, F.; Suzuki, Satoshi*; Takahashi, Tone

Proceedings of 65th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management (Internet), 9 Pages, 2024/07

Journal Articles

Development of a combined neutron resonance analysis technique as a nondestructive assay for fissile material quantification

Rossi, F.; Lee, J.; Kodama, Yu; Hironaka, Kota; Koizumi, Mitsuo; Hori, Junichi*; Terada, Kazushi*; Sano, Tadafumi*

Proceedings of 65th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management (Internet), 8 Pages, 2024/07

Journal Articles

Implementation of a Mini-slab-based neutron detector system to increase the efficiency of safeguards verification of hold-up at MOX fuel fabrication facilities in Japan

Kyffin, J.*; Dia, A.*; Nkosi, G.*; Nizhnik, V.*; Hayashi, Akihiko; Nagatani, Taketeru

Proceedings of 65th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management (Internet), 8 Pages, 2024/07

Journal Articles

Nondestructive determination of isotopic abundance using multi-energy nuclear resonance fluorescence driven by laser Compton scattering source

Omer, M.; Shizuma, Toshiyuki*; Hajima, Ryoichi*; Koizumi, Mitsuo

Journal of Applied Physics, 135(18), p.184903_1 - 184903_10, 2024/05

 Times Cited Count:0 Percentile:0.00(Physics, Applied)

JAEA Reports

Research on factor analysis and technical process for achieving denuclearization; Denuclearization of Former Soviet Union (Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine)

Tazaki, Makiko; Kimura, Takashi; Shimizu, Ryo; Nakatani, Takayoshi; Suda, Kazunori

JAEA-Review 2023-042, 121 Pages, 2024/03

JAEA-Review-2023-042.pdf:3.01MB

As part of the "Research on Factor Analysis and Technical Processes for Achieving Denuclearization", we investigated denuclearization cases in three former Soviet Union countries, namely Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, and analyzed the cases by eight denuclearization factors. We then considered the characteristics and lessons learned from such denuclearization. The denuclearization processes of the three countries differed from country to country, and Ukraine's denuclearization process in particular went through many twists and turns. However, the common factor was that all nuclear-weapon states provided security assurances to the three countries and as a result, they transferred strategic nuclear weapons to Russia and joined the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) as non-nuclear weapon states. Such decision was partly made possible by the economic and physical assistance provided by the United States and Russia for denuclearization. Furthermore, one of the characteristics of the denuclearization of the three countries is the US's skillful denuclearization strategy toward the three countries. The United States supported the claims that the three countries, like Russia, were parties to the First Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START-I), and ultimately allowed them to transfer strategic nuclear warheads to Russia within the framework of START-I and the subsequently achieved the disposal of the warheads in Russia. Furthermore, as a lesson from the denuclearization of the three countries, providing security assurance to denuclearized countries is a strong incentive for denuclearization. However, considering Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014 and military invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, countries which are required denuclearization will seek stronger security guarantees from nuclear-weapon states. Another lesson is that it is necessary to have a strong presidential initiative the countries concerned.

Journal Articles

International nuclear security law; The Use of "soft law"

Fukui, Yasuhito

Journal of Conflict & Security Law, 29(1), p.129 - 142, 2024/01

AA2023-0670.pdf:0.54MB

The international law of Nuclear Security is composed of treaties and a series of soft law instruments, which supplement the international conventions. Therefore, they function as guidelines that provide the policy direction so that the wide variety of nuclear facilities in the states can be properly protected. Traditionally, the role of soft law was explained for its flexibility or normativity. However, when the provisions of such instruments are transposed into municipal law, they function as somewhat a hard law even if their origin is soft law at the international law level.

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