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at temperature range 170 - 290
CLuu, V. N.; 中島 邦久
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 426, p.113402_1 - 113402_7, 2024/09
A field assessment at the Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Power Station revealed high radioactivity on the concrete shield plugs, which is estimated above 20 PBq for Cs-137 at units 2 and 3. This leads to significant interest in the retention of Cs on concrete during severe accidents (SA). However, the interaction of CsOH, as one of the main Cs forms released in SA, with concrete surfaces at elevated temperatures remains poorly researched. In this study, we have experimentally investigated the deposition behavior of CsOH on CaCO, which is the primary phase existing on the surface of concrete, under humid atmosphere. As a result, the chemical reaction enhanced deposition rate (N), and increased linearly with CsOH concentration (C
), as following expression: N(
g/cm
・s) = v
C, where v is temperature-dependent deposition velocity as given by ln v (cm/s) = -3785.8/T + 3.766, for T in the range of 170 and 290 C. This empirical model can be integrated into severe accident codes to quantify the chemical trapping of cesium on concrete surfaces during ex-vessel release. Moreover, it can contribute to understanding the reasons behind the high dose rate on concrete shield plugs at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear power stations and aid in developing effective decommissioning practices for concrete structures.
永塚 健太郎; 野口 弘喜; 長住 達; 野本 恭信; 清水 厚志; 佐藤 博之; 西原 哲夫; 坂場 成昭
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 425, p.113338_1 - 113338_11, 2024/08
高温ガス炉は固有の安全性を有し、二酸化炭素を排出することなく大量の水素や高温の熱供給が可能なことから、産業分野の脱炭素化に貢献できる。本報では、原子力機構で進めるHTTR(高温工学試験研究炉)を利用した炉心強制冷却喪失(LOFC)試験等の研究開発成果に加え、現在設計を進めるHTTRを用いた水素製造実証試験(HTTR-熱利用試験)の計画を紹介する。加えて、2030年代後半の運転開始に向け、基本設計が進められている高温ガス炉実証炉計画を紹介する。
compoundsFrazer, D.*; Saleh, T. A.*; 松本 卓; 廣岡 瞬; 加藤 正人; McClellan, K.*; White, J. T.*
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 423, p.113136_1 - 113136_7, 2024/07
ナノインデンテーション法では、微小な試験片を用いてヤング率,硬度及びクリープ強度といった機械物性を評価することが可能である。本研究ではMOX燃料の代替物質として(U,Ce)Oを用いて、高温ナノインデンテーション試験を実施した。試料のCe含有率は0.1、0.2及び0.3mol%とし、温度は800Cまでの測定を行い、ヤング率、硬度及びクリープ強度の評価を行った。温度の上昇に伴い、ヤング率は線形的に低下し、硬度は指数関数的に低下する結果が得られた。また、800Cにおいては、応力指数n=4.7
6.9のクリープ変形が得られた。
Johnson, M.*; 江村 優軌; Clavier, R.*; 松場 賢一; 神山 健司; Brayer, C.*; Journeau, C.*
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 423, p.113165_1 - 113165_14, 2024/07
日本原子力研究開発機構のMELT施設において、ナトリウム冷却高速炉のシビアアクシデントに関連する溶融ジェットとナトリウムの相互作用に関する実験的研究を行っている。X線イメージングと固化物の分析により、溶融ジェットと冷却材の接触界面でクラストが急速に形成され、熱的な微粒化現象が誘発されることを明らかにした。溶融ジェットと冷却材の接触界面における熱伝達計算の結果は、冷却材との接触から数ミリ秒以内に固体クラストが形成されることを示唆している。X線イメージングを用いたジェットへの冷却材巻き込みの観察結果に基づき、熱的な微粒化が促進されるメカニズムを提案する。
佐藤 一憲; 吉川 信治; 山下 拓哉; 下村 健太; Cibula, M.*; 溝上 伸也*
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 422, p.113088_1 - 113088_24, 2024/06
The accident progression of the in-vessel phase of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Unit 1 was analyzed using the MAAP code. Although there is a large uncertainty in the initial stage of accident progression behavior in Unit 1 with little measurement data, it is presumed to have similarities to that of Unit 3. As a result, in Unit 1, since there was almost no alternative water injection during the in-vessel phase, cooling of the debris transferred to the lower plenum was small. It was likely that a large molten pool of metals had formed, and that the steam supply to the high-temperature core materials was suppressed and metal oxidation was relatively small. The analysis results for Unit 1 were compared with those for Units 2 and 3, and differences between units such as the thermal conditions of the debris that relocated to the pedestal and the degree of metal oxidation were shown.
上出 英樹; 浅山 泰; 若井 隆純; 江連 俊樹; 内堀 昭寛; 久保 重信; 竹内 正行
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 421, p.113062_1 - 113062_10, 2024/05
本報告では、設計支援解析評価手法の開発を通じて、プラントライフサイクル、リスクインフォームドアプローチ、持続可能性を考慮した日本のナトリウム冷却高速炉開発の進捗について、ARKADIAライフサイクル評価・設計支援システム、シビアアクシデント、自然循環、ナトリウム化学反応を対象とする安全設計・評価、リスクインフォームドアプローチをベースとした新しい規格基準体系、燃料サイクル技術の開発にかかる成果をまとめた。
Baccou, J.*; Glantz, T.*; Ghione, A.*; Sargentini, L.*; Fillion, P.*; Damblin, G.*; Sueur, R.*; Iooss, B.*; Fang, J.*; Liu, J.*; et al.
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 421, p.113035_1 - 113035_16, 2024/05
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.05In the Best-Estimate Plus Uncertainty (BEPU) framework, the use of best-estimate code requires to go through a Verification, Validation and Uncertainty Quantification process (VVUQ). The relevance of the experimental data in relation to the physical phenomena of interest in the VVUQ process is crucial. Adequacy analysis of selected experimental databases addresses this problem. The outcomes of the analysis can be used to select a subset of relevant experimental data, to encourage designing new experiments or to drop some experiments from a database because of their substantial lack of adequacy. The development of a specific transparent and reproducible approach to analyze the relevance of experimental data for VVUQ still remains open and is the topic of this contribution. In this paper, the concept of adequacy initially introduced in the OECD/NEA SAPIUM (Systematic APproach for model Input Uncertainty quantification Methodology) activity is formalized. It is defined through two key properties, called representativeness and completeness, that allows considering the multifactorial dimension of the adequacy problem. A new systematic approach is then proposed to analyze the adequacy of a set of experimental databases. It relies on the introduction of two sets of criteria to characterize representativeness and completeness and on the use of multi-criteria decision analysis method to perform the analysis. Finally, the approach is applied in the framework of the new OECD/NEA ATRIUM activity which includes a set of practical IUQ exercises in thermal-hydraulics to test the SAPIUM guideline in determining input uncertainties and forward propagating them on an application case. It allows evaluating the adequacy of eight experimental databases coming from the Super Moby-dick, Sozzi-Sutherland and Marviken experiments and identifying the most adequate ones.
Ho, H. Q.; 石井 俊晃; 長住 達; 小野 正人; 島崎 洋祐; 石塚 悦男; 澤畑 洋明; 後藤 実; Simanullang, I. L.*; 藤本 望*; et al.
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 417, p.112795_1 - 112795_6, 2024/02
External sources of neutron provide stable and sufficient neutron for initial startup of a nuclear reactor. They also provide signals for neutron detectors to monitor the safety of reactor during shutdown. In the high temperature engineering test reactor, 
Cf is used as the external neutron source. However, the Cf sources must be renewed every approximately 7 years because of its relatively short half-life of 2.6 years. The renewal of Cf sources requires a high cost and a very complicated procedure. This study investigated the feasibility of using BeO rods as the secondary neutron sources to avoid renewing the Cf neutron sources periodically. The BeO rods could exist in the reactor for a long time so that if the reactor operates long enough, the neutron flux at the wide-range monitoring detectors remains significant even if the reactor is shutdown for as long as 5 years. The results of this study indicated that using BeO rods as the secondary neutron sources would be an attractive option for the future HTGR design with a long-life fuel cycle.
相馬 秀; 石垣 将宏*; 安部 諭; 柴本 泰照
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 416, p.112754_1 - 112754_18, 2024/01
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.01(Nuclear Science & Technology)The wall function (WF) enables analyzing condensation flow in a nuclear reactor containment vessel with reasonable computational costs. However, conventional wall treatments rely on the logarithmic laws for velocity, temperature, and concentration, limiting applicability. In this paper, we applied the analytical wall function approach to the condensation flow analysis of steam/air mixtures. This approach features the analytical integration of transport equations considering the buoyancy, the material property change, and the convective terms. We conducted CFD analysis with the analytical wall function models for the forced, mixed, and natural convection and confirmed good prediction, especially when the log law does not hold.
佐藤 一憲; 吉川 信治; 山下 拓哉; 下村 健太; Cibula, M.*; 溝上 伸也*
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 414, p.112574_1 - 112574_20, 2023/12
Based on the updated knowledge from plant-internal investigations, experiments and computer-model simulations until now, the in-vessel phase of Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Unit 3 was analyzed using the MAAP code. In Unit 3, it is considered that ca. 40 percent of UO fuel was molten when core materials relocated to the lower plenum of the reactor pressure vessel. Initially relocated molten materials would have been fragmented by mixing with liquid water, while solid materials would have relocated later on. With this two-step relocation, debris in the lower plenum seems to have been permeable for coolant, thus debris seems to have been once cooled down effectively. Although the present MAAP analysis seems to slightly underestimate core-material oxidation during the relocation period, this probable underestimation was compensated for by an existing study that was considered more reliable, so that more realistic debris conditions in the lower plenum could be obtained. Probable debris reheat-up behavior was evaluated based on interpretation of the pressure data. This evaluation predicted that the fuel debris in the lower plenum was basically in solid-phase at the time when it relocated to the pedestal. With this study, basic validity of the former prediction of the Unit 3 accident progression behavior was confirmed, and detailed boundary conditions for future studies addressing the later phases were provided.
Pshenichnikov, A.; 永江 勇二
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 415, p.112729_1 - 112729_16, 2023/12
The paper presents the results of a CLADS-MADE-03 BWR mock-up assembly degradation in high-temperature steam under a transient heating rate of 1 K/s, which are the assumed accident conditions for the beginning of the accident at the Unit 1 of the Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear Power Station. In situ video investigations of the control blade provided visual evidences for the features of the control blade melt relocation. Based on the results, factors like an increase in the amount of core liquefied materials due to change of the melt composition, subsequent change in melt relocation features because of liquid/solid material ratio within the melt and B release and transport by aerosol formation were specially emphasized.
内堀 昭寛; 堂田 哲広; 青柳 光裕; 曽根原 正晃; 曽我部 丞司; 岡野 靖; 高田 孝*; 田中 正暁; 江沼 康弘; 若井 隆純; et al.
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 413, p.112492_1 - 112492_10, 2023/11
被引用回数：1 パーセンタイル：63.33(Nuclear Science & Technology)ナトリウム冷却高速炉に代表される革新炉に対し、安全性評価やそれに基づく設計最適化を自動で行うARKADIAを開発している。通常運転もしくは設計基準事象の範囲で設計最適化を行うARKADIA-Designについては、核特性-熱流動-炉心変形のマルチレベル連成解析手法等を中心技術として開発し、その基本的機能を確認した。シビアアクシデントまで含む範囲で安全性評価を行うARKADIA-Safetyの基盤技術として、炉内/炉外事象一貫解析手法の整備を進め、仮想的なシビアアクシデント事象を解析することで基本的機能を確認した。また、炉外事象に対する解析モデルの高度化、設計最適解の探索工程を合理化するAI技術の開発に着手した。
成川 隆文; 濱口 修輔*; 高田 孝*; 宇田川 豊
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 411, p.112443_1 - 112443_12, 2023/09
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.01(Nuclear Science & Technology)For realizing a highly reliable fracture limit evaluation of fuel cladding tubes during loss-of-coolant accidents (LOCAs) in light-water reactors, we developed a method to quantify the fracture limit uncertainty of high-burnup advanced fuel cladding tubes. This method employs a hierarchical Bayesian model that can quantify uncertainty even with limited experimental data. The fracture limit uncertainty was quantified as a probability using the amount of oxidation (Equivalent cladding reacted: ECR) and the initial hydrogen concentration (the hydrogen concentration in the fuel cladding tubes before the LOCA-simulated tests) as explanatory variables. We divided the regression coefficients of this model into a hierarchical structure with an overall average term common to all types of fuel cladding tubes and a term representing differences among various types of fuel cladding tubes. This hierarchical structure enabled us to quantify the fracture limit uncertainty through the effective use of prior knowledge and data, even for high-burnup advanced fuel cladding tubes with a small number of data points. The fracture limits representing a 5% fracture probability with 95% confidence of the high-burnup advanced fuel cladding tubes evaluated by the hierarchical Bayesian model were higher than 15% ECR for the initial hydrogen concentrations of up to 700-900 wtppm and restraint loads below 535 N. These fracture limits were comparable to the limit of the unirradiated Zircaloy-4 cladding tube, indicating that the burnup extension and use of the advanced fuel cladding tubes do not significantly lower the fracture limit of fuel cladding tubes. Further, we proposed a method to reduce the fracture limit uncertainty by using non-binary data, instead of the binary data, depending on the condition of the fuel cladding tube specimens after performing the LOCA-simulated test, thereby increasing the amount of information in the data.
北村 哲浩; 平野 宏志*; 吉田 将冬
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 411, p.112435_1 - 112435_14, 2023/09
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.01(Nuclear Science & Technology)本研究では解体設備の開発経緯、設備の特徴、実積について解説した後、グリーンハウス方式と比較した場合の利点について評価した。また、解体設備における直接解体と遠隔解体の比較を行いそれぞれの特徴を議論した。さらに作業被ばくについて定量的な評価を行った。最後に現在行っている廃止措置技術開発へのフィードバックについて述べた。
堂田 哲広; 井川 健一*; 岩崎 隆*; 村上 諭*; 田中 正暁
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 410, p.112377_1 - 112377_15, 2023/08
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.01(Nuclear Science & Technology)ナトリウム冷却高速炉の安全性を高めるためには、強制循環設備への交流電源供給が喪失した場合でも、自然循環によって炉心の崩壊熱を除去する必要がある。自然循環条件下では、ナトリウムの流れが浮力によって駆動され、流速と温度分布が互いに影響を与えるため、流れと熱に影響を与える不確かさを決定論的に考慮することで炉心高温点温度を評価することは困難である。そこで、モンテカルロサンプリング法を使用した炉心高温点温度の統計的評価手法を開発し、ループ型ナトリウム冷却高速炉の代表的な3つの自然循環崩壊熱除去事象に適用して、その有効性を実証した。
岩澤 譲; 杉山 智之; 金子 暁子*
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 409, p.112348_1 - 112348_15, 2023/08
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.01(Nuclear Science & Technology)The agglomeration can form the massive debris (so-called agglomerated debris) by merging of melt particles with others when the particles accumulate on the floor of a containment vessel after relocation of the molten core (so-called corium or melt) in severe accidents in a light water reactor. This paper presents a modification of the simple correlation to estimate the mass fraction of the agglomerated debris proposed by the previous study [Iwasawa et al., Nucl. Eng. Des., 386 (2022), 111575] based on the experiments of melt jet-breakup using a metallic melt. The methodology is required to estimate the mass fraction of the agglomerated debris in the reactor conditions because the agglomerated debris can have a serious impact on the debris bed coolability. The present study focused the effects of the melt jet injection conditions (nozzle diameter and inlet velocity) on the mass fraction of agglomerated debris to add the experimental data base for the previous study that focused only the effects of the melt temperature, coolant temperature, and coolant depth on the mass fraction of the agglomerated debris. The visualized observation using a high-speed camera and morphological investigation of the recovered debris revealed the effects of the nozzle diameter and inlet velocity on the mass fraction of agglomerated debris. The extrapolation of the modified simple correlation showed the mass fraction of the agglomerated debris in the anticipated reactor conditions.
Louie, D. L. Y.*; 青柳 光裕; 内堀 昭寛; 高田 孝; Luxat, D. L.*
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 407, p.112285_1 - 112285_5, 2023/06
The paper describes progress of an international collaborative research in the area of SFR sodium fire modeling between the United States and Japan under the framework of the Civil Nuclear Energy Research and Development Working Group (CNWG). In this collaboration between Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), the validation basis for and modeling capabilities of sodium spray and pool fires in MELCOR of SNL and SPHINCS of JAEA are being enhanced. This study documents MELCOR and SPHINCS sodium pool fire model validation exercises against the JAEA's sodium pool fire experiments, F7-1 and F7-2. The proposed enhancement of the sodium pool fire models in MELCOR through addition of thermal hydraulic and sodium spreading models that enable a better representation of experimental results is also described. Both MELCOR and SPHINCS can capture the F7-1 and F7-2 experimental data well in the area of thermal hydraulics.
安部 諭; 岡垣 百合亜
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 404, p.112165_1 - 112165_14, 2023/04
被引用回数：0 パーセンタイル：0.01(Nuclear Science & Technology)Pressurized Thermal Shock (PTS) is induced potentially by the rapid cooling of the cold-leg and downcomer wall in the primary system of a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) due to the initiation of Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS). Thus, fluids mixing in a horizontal cold-leg and downcomer should be predicted accurately; however, turbulence production and damping often hinders this prediction due to the presence of the density gradients. Hence, the Fifth International Benchmark Exercise, the cold-leg mixing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Benchmark, was conducted under the support of OECD/NEA. The experiment was designed for visualization of the mixing phenomena of two liquids with different densities. The heavy liquid was a simulant of cold water from ECCS, in a horizontal leg and downcomer. We used the Large-eddy Simulation (LES) to investigate the time fluctuation behaviors of velocity and liquid concentration. The CFD simulation was performed with two turbulence models and three different numerical meshes. We investigated the characteristics of the appearance frequency of the heavy liquid concentration with the statistical method. Based on our findings, we propose further experiments and numerical investigations to understand the fluid mixing phenomena related to PTS.
Dong, F.*; Chen, S.*; 出町 和之*; 吉川 雅紀; 関 暁之; 高屋 茂
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 404, p.112161_1 - 112161_15, 2023/04
被引用回数：4 パーセンタイル：96.18(Nuclear Science & Technology)To ensure nuclear safety, timely and accurate anomaly detection is of utmost importance in the daily condition monitoring of Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs), as any slight anomaly in a plant may result in an irreversible and serious accident, as well as high costs of maintenance and management. Nevertheless, due to the unique inherent attributes of anomalies, the difficulty of automatic detection in NPPs is increased. Previous model-driven anomaly detection approaches required skilled priori knowledge, leading to their limited usability. Commonly adopted deep learning-based data-driven anomaly detection approaches may not easily acquire the most relevant features when dealing with sensor data containing redundant information with uneven distribution of anomalies. To alleviate these issues, this paper propose an attention-based time series model for anomaly detection to ensure safety in NPPs. First, we employ one-dimension convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) backbone for feature extraction to preserve original inherent features of time series inputs. Subsequently, we originally adopt soft-attention mechanism to automatically extract the most relevant temporal features considering the specificity of anomaly detection in NPPs. The performance of the proposed model was experimentally validated on the High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) anomaly case dataset simulated using the analytical code. The experimental results indicate that the proposed model was capable of detecting anomalies in NPPs with superior performance to the baseline model, while ensuring fast detection at short time steps.
佐藤 一憲; 吉川 信治; 山下 拓哉; Cibula, M.*; 溝上 伸也*
Nuclear Engineering and Design, 404, p.112205_1 - 112205_21, 2023/04
被引用回数：2 パーセンタイル：84.55(Nuclear Science & Technology)これまでのプラント内部調査、実験、コンピュータモデルシミュレーションから得られた最新の知見に基づき、福島第一原子力発電所2号機の原子炉圧力炉容器内フェーズに対するMAAP解析を実施した。2号機では、炉心物質が圧力容器の下部プレナムに移動し、そこで冷却材によって冷却されて固化したときのエンタルピーが比較的低かったと考えられる。MAAPコードは、炉心物質リロケーション期間中の炉心物質の酸化の程度を過小評価する傾向があるが、酸化に係るより信頼性の高い既存研究を活用することによって補正を行うことで、下部プレナム内の燃料デブリ状態の、より現実的な評価を行った。この評価により、2号機事故進展挙動に係る既往予測の基本的妥当性が確認され、今後の後続過程研究を進めるための詳細な境界条件を提供した。下部ヘッドの破損とペデスタルへのデブリ移行に至るデブリ再昇温プロセスに対処する将来研究に、本研究で得た境界条件を反映する必要がある。
