Clades of huge phages from across Earth's ecosystems

Al-Shayeb, B.*; Sachzdeva, R.*; Chen, L.-X.*; Ward, F.*; Munk, P.*; Devoto, A.*; Castelle, C. J.*; Olm, M. R.*; Bouma-Gregson, K.*; 天野 由記; et al.

Nature, 578(7795), p.425 - 431, 2020/02

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2007-4

Phage typically have small genomes and depend on their bacterial hosts for replication. We generated metagenomic datasets from many diverse ecosystems and reconstructed hundreds of huge phage genomes, between 200 kbp and 716 kbp in length. Thirty four genomes were manually curated to completion, including the largest phage genomes yet reported. Expanded genetic repertoires include diverse and new CRISPR-Cas systems, tRNAs, tRNA synthetases, tRNA modification enzymes, initiation and elongation factors and ribosomal proteins. Phage CRISPR have the capacity to silence host transcription factors and translational genes, potentially as part of a larger interaction network that intercepts translation to redirect biosynthesis to phage-encoded functions. Some phage repurpose bacterial systems for phage-defense to eliminate competing phage. We phylogenetically define seven major clades of huge phage from human and other animal microbiomes, oceans, lakes, sediments, soils and the built environment. We conclude that large gene inventories reflect a conserved biological strategy, observed across a broad bacterial host range and resulting in the distribution of huge phage across Earth's ecosystems.

Spinmotive force in the out-of-plane direction generated by spin wave excitations in an exchange-coupled bilayer element

Zhou, W.*; 関 剛斎*; 今村 裕志*; 家田 淳一; 高梨 弘毅*

Physical Review B, 100(9), p.094424_1 - 094424_5, 2019/09

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.094424

The generation of the spinmotive force (SMF) requires the temporal and spatial variations of the magnetic moments. We explore an approach to satisfy this requirement by creating asymmetry in a thin film structure along the out-of-plane direction, through the use of an exchange-coupled 1-FePt / NiFe bilayer element. As the spin wave is excited by rf magnetic field, a continuous dc voltage signal along the out-of-plane direction of the bilayer element appears. The sign of the voltage signal and its microwave power dependency agree with the theoretical framework of the SMF. The corresponding spin wave modes are revealed by carrying out the micromagnetic simulation. Our results demonstrate the generation of the SMF using a vertically structured element in addition to previously reported in-plane structured devices.

Ag nanoparticles embedded in Nd:YAG crystals irradiated with tilted beam of 200 MeV Xe ions; Optical dichroism correlated to particle reshaping

Li, R.*; Pang, C.*; 雨倉 宏*; Ren, F.*; Hbner, R.*; Zhou, S.*; 石川 法人; 大久保 成彰; Chen, F.*

Nanotechnology, 29(42), p.424001_1 - 424001_8, 2018/10

https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aad75b

銀イオン注入法と高速重イオン照射法を組み合わせることで、Nd:YAG(Nbをドープしたイットリウム・アルミニウム・ガーネット)結晶中に埋め込まれている銀ナノ粒子を制御性良く変形させることができた。本研究では、Nd:YAG結晶中に埋め込まれた球形状の銀ナノ粒子に高速重粒子線を照射することで、銀ナノ粒子を変形させることを試みた。今回、照射前後の表面プラズモン共鳴の微小な変化を検知できることを利用して、照射による金属ナノ粒子のわずかな変形を検出することにも成功した。また、離散双極子近似(DDA)計算と組み合わせることで、その変形度を定量化する手法を開発した。

Scaling of memories and crossover in glassy magnets

Samarakoon, A. M.*; 高橋 満*; Zhang, D.*; Yang, J.*; 片山 尚幸*; Sinclair, R.*; Zhou, H. D.*; Diallo, S. O.*; Ehlers, G.*; Tennant, D. A.*; et al.

Scientific Reports (Internet), 7(1), p.12053_1 - 12053_8, 2017/09

AA2017-0448.pdf:3.45MB

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12187-9

Glassiness is ubiquitous and diverse in characteristics in nature. Understanding their differences and classification remains a major scientific challenge. Here, we show that scaling of magnetic memories with time can be used to classify magnetic glassy materials into two distinct classes. The systems studied are high temperature superconductor-related materials, spin-orbit Mott insulators, frustrated magnets, and dilute magnetic alloys. Our bulk magnetization measurements reveal that most densely populated magnets exhibit similar memory behavior characterized by a relaxation exponent of (1). This exponent is different from of dilute magnetic alloys that was ascribed to their hierarchical and fractal energy landscape, and is also different from of the conventional Debye relaxation expected for a spin solid, a state with long range order.

Time-resolved study of field-induced suppression of longitudinal spin Seebeck effect

日置 友智*; 井口 亮*; Qiu, Z.*; Hou, D.*; 内田 健一*; 齊藤 英治

Applied Physics Express, 10(7), p.073002_1 - 073002_4, 2017/06

https://doi.org/10.7567/APEX.10.073002

We have investigated the magnetic-field-induced suppression of the longitudinal spin Seebeck effect (LSSE) by using a time-resolved measurement technique at room temperature. The result manifested two distinctive time domains: the short-time domain where the observed voltage is insensitive to the magnetic fields, and the long-time domain where the both response time and the magnitude of the observed voltage decreased simultaneously by the magnetic fields. We estimated the magnon propagation length by fitting the transient LSSE response. The propagation length shows a strong dependence on the applied magnetic field, indicating the importance of long-range and low-frequency magnons in the LSSE.

Spin-current probe for phase transition in an insulator

Qiu, Z.*; Li, J.*; Hou, D.*; Arenholz, E.*; N'Diaye, A. T.*; Tan, A.*; 内田 健一*; 佐藤 浩司*; 岡本 聡*; Tserkovnyak, Y.*; et al.

Nature Communications (Internet), 7, p.12670_1 - 12670_6, 2016/08

https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12670

Spin fluctuation and transition have always been one of the central topics of magnetism and condensed matter science. Experimentally, the spin fluctuation is found transcribed onto scattering intensity in the neutron-scattering process, which is represented by dynamical magnetic susceptibility and maximized at phase transitions. Importantly, a neutron carries spin without electric charge, and therefore it can bring spin into a sample without being disturbed by electric energy. However, large facilities such as a nuclear reactor are necessary. Here we show that spin pumping, frequently used in nanoscale spintronic devices, provides a desktop microprobe for spin transition; spin current is a flux of spin without an electric charge and its transport reflects spin excitation. We demonstrate detection of antiferromagnetic transition in ultra-thin CoO films via frequency-dependent spin-current transmission measurements, which provides a versatile probe for phase transition in an electric manner in minute devices.

All-oxide spin Seebeck effects

Qiu, Z.*; Hou, D.*; 吉川 貴史*; 内田 健一*; 齊藤 英治

Applied Physics Express, 8(8), p.083001_1 - 083001_3, 2015/08

https://doi.org/10.7567/APEX.8.083001

We report the observation of longitudinal spin Seebeck effects (LSSEs) in an all-oxide bilayer system comprising an IrO film and an YFeO film. Spin currents, which are generated by a temperature gradient across the IrO YFeO interface, were detected as a voltage via the inverse spin Hall effect in the conductive IrO layer. This voltage is proportional to the magnitude of the temperature gradient; its magnetic field dependence is consistent with the characteristics of LSSEs. This demonstration may lead to the realization of low-cost, stable, transparent spin-current-driven thermoelectric devices.

第一原理分子動力学法によるカーボンアロイ触媒における酸素還元反応機構

池田 隆司; Hou, Z.*; Chai, G.-L.*; 寺倉 清之*

表面科学, 36(7), p.345 - 350, 2015/07

https://doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.36.345

カーボンアロイ触媒は固体高分子形燃料電池の白金代替正極触媒として有望視されている。我々は第一原理に基づいた分子動力学シミュレーションによりカーボンアロイ触媒における酸素還元反応機構を調べてきた。本稿では我々のシミュレーションにより示唆されたカーボンアロイ触媒の活性点での可能な酸素還元反応機構を紹介する。

Spin-current injection and detection in -(BEDT-TTF)Cu[N(CN)]Br

Qiu, Z.*; 賣市 幹大*; Hou, D.*; 内田 健一*; 山本 浩史*; 齊藤 英治

AIP Advances (Internet), 5(5), p.057167_1 - 057167_7, 2015/05

https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4922007

Spin-current injection into an organic semiconductor -(BEDT-TTF)Cu[N(CN)]Br film induced by the spin pumping from an yttrium iron garnet (YIG) film. When magnetization dynamics in the YIG film is excited by ferromagnetic or spin-wave resonance, a voltage signal was found to appear in the -(BEDT-TTF)Cu[N(CN)]Br film. Magnetic-field-angle dependence measurements indicate that the voltage signal is governed by the inverse spin Hall effect in -(BEDT-TTF)Cu[N(CN)]Br. We found that the voltage signal in the -(BEDT-TTF)Cu[N(CN)]Br/YIG system is critically suppressed around 80 K, around which magnetic and/or glass transitions occur, implying that the efficiency of the spin-current injection is suppressed by fluctuations which critically enhanced near the transitions.

Overview of plasma-material interaction experiments on EAST employing MAPES

Ding, F.*; Luo, G.-N.*; Pitts, R.*; Litnovsky, A.*; Gong, X.*; Ding, R.*; Mao, H.*; Zhou, H.*; Wampler, W. R.*; Stangeby, P. C.*; et al.

Journal of Nuclear Materials, 455(1-3), p.710 - 716, 2014/12

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.09.017

A movable material probe system (Material and Plasma Evaluation System: MAPES) with an independent pumping system and a sample exchange chamber has been developed and installed on a horizontal port of the EAST tokamak for studies of plasma material interaction (PMI). In the 2012 experimental campaign, deposition and erosion were studied for three samples: mock-up of the outer first wall panels (FWPs) in ITER, castellated tungsten, and molybdenum mirrors. The FWPs with carbon deposition layer were exposed to helium plasmas. The maximum erosion rate of the carbon was valuated to be 8 nm/s. The castellated tungsten with rectangular cells and roof-like shaped cells was exposed to deuterium plasmas to compare amount of deposits on the gap surface. The amount of carbon and boron impurities on the gap surface of the roof-like shaped cells were reduced to less than 30% compared with that of the rectangular cells. The molybdenum mirrors of which protective ducts are installed in front were exposed to deuterium plasmas in order to investigate effects of length of the ducts. It was found that the reflectivity of the mirrors with 60 mm-long protective ducts is kept the initial reflectivity.