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Okada, Shota; Murakami, Masashi; Kochiyama, Mami; Izumo, Sari; Sakai, Akihiro
JAEA-Testing 2022-002, 66 Pages, 2022/08
JAEA-Testing-2022-002.pdf:2.46MB
Japan Atomic Energy Agency is an implementing organization of burial disposal for low-level radioactive waste generated from research, industrial and medical facilities in Japan. Radioactivity concentrations of the waste are essential information for design of the disposal facility and for licensing process. A lot of the waste subjected to the burial disposal is arising from dismantling of nuclear facilities. Radioactive Wastes Disposal enter has therefore discussed a procedure to evaluate the radioactivity concentrations by theoretical calculation for waste arising from the dismantling of the research reactors facilities and summarized the common procedure. The procedure includes evaluation of radioactive inventory by activation calculation, validation of the calculation results, and determination of the disposal classification as well as organization of the data on total radioactivity and maximum radioactivity concentration for each classification. For the evaluation of radioactive inventory, neutron flux and energy spectra are calculated at each region in the reactor facility using two- or three-dimensional neutron transport code. The activation calculation is then conducted for 140 nuclides using the results of neutron transport calculation and an activation calculation code. The recommended codes in this report for neutron transport calculation are two-dimensional discrete ordinate code DORT, three-dimensional discrete ordinate code TORT, or Monte Carlo codes MCNP and PHITS, and for activation calculation is ORIGEN-S. Other recommendation of cross-section libraries and calculation conditions are also indicated in this report. In the course of the establishment of the procedure, Radioactive Wastes Disposal Center has discussed the commonly available procedure at meetings. It has periodically held to exchange information with external operators which have research reactor facilities. The procedure will properly be reviewed and be revised by reflecting future situ
Sakuma, Kota; Abe, Daichi*; Okada, Shota; Sugaya, Toshikatsu; Nakata, Hisakazu; Sakai, Akihiro
JAEA-Technology 2022-013, 200 Pages, 2022/08
JAEA-Technology-2022-013.pdf:8.41MB
Japan Atomic Energy Agency has aims to carry out near surface disposal of low-level radioactive waste generated from research, medical, and industrial facilities. Therefore, Radioactivity Concentration Corresponding to Dose Criterion for near surface disposal for nuclides in the waste were calculated for the purpose of discussion for radioactivity limits between trench and concrete vault disposal, and key nuclides related to them. This report uses the results of sensitivity analysis and evaluation of the amount of leachate from the disposal facility for concrete vault disposal, and incorporates a new assessment pathway and exposure form that widely assume the conditions of the disposal facility. This trial calculation was carried out and compared with the trial calculation in the previous report, "Evaluation of Radioactivity Concentration Corresponding to Dose Criterion for Near Surface Disposal of Radioactive Waste Generated from Research, Medical, and Industrial Facilities, Volume 1". The results of Radioactivity Concentration Corresponding to Dose Criterion calculated in this report will be used as reference values when selecting key nuclides and for classification into concrete vault disposal when the location has not been decided. After deciding the location of the site, it is necessary to evaluate the dose based on the location conditions.
Ogawa, Rina; Nakata, Hisakazu; Sugaya, Toshikatsu; Sakai, Akihiro
JAEA-Technology 2022-010, 54 Pages, 2022/07
JAEA-Technology-2022-010.pdf:11.07MB
Japan Atomic Energy Agency has considered trench disposal as one of the disposal methods for radioactive wastes generated from research facilities and other facilities. The trench disposal facility is regulated by "Act on the Regulation of Nuclear Source Material, Nuclear Fuel Material and Reactors". In particular, the design of the trench facility is regulated by a rule under the law. When the rule was amended in 2019, the design of the trench disposal facility required equipment to reduce ingress of rain water and groundwater. In the report, studies on the design of a trench disposal facility to adapt to the amended rule were performed. The trench disposal facility has considered being established in a place lower than groundwater level. Therefore, it was decided to study covering soil at the upper part of the trench facility, because the ingress water in the facility is mainly derived from rain water. In this study, it was decided to evaluate the design of covering soil of the radioactive waste categorized into chemically stable materials. Therefore, as the examination method, a parameter study on varying the permeability coefficient and thickness of the layers composing cover soil. In the parameter study, the velocity of the water infiltrating into the trench facility was evaluated. Based on the results, more efficient design of the layers composing the covering soil was considered. The result showed that the impermeable efficiency of the covering soil was different depending on the thickness and the permeability conductivity of each layer. As a result, it was possible to understand the impermeable performance of covering soil by the permeability coefficient and thickness of each layer. We will plan to decide the specification of the cover soil while examination of future tasks and cost in the basic design.
Kochiyama, Mami; Sakai, Akihiro
JAEA-Technology 2022-009, 56 Pages, 2022/06
JAEA-Technology-2022-009.pdf:4.15MB
It is necessary to evaluate radioactivity inventory in wastes before disposal of low-level radioactive wastes generated from dismantling research reactors. It is efficient for owners of each research reactor to use a common radioactive evaluation method in order to comply with the license application for disposal facility. In this report, neutron transport and activation calculations were carried out for the Rikkyo University research reactor in order to examine a common radioactivity evaluation method for burial disposal of radioactive wastes generated by dismantling. We adopted the neutron transport codes DORT and MCNP and the activation code ORIGEN-S with cross-section libraries based on JENDL-4.0 and JENDL/AD-2017. The radioactivity concentrations obtained by the radiochemical analysis and both calculation codes were in agreement by 0.4 to 3 times. Therefore, by appropriately considering this difference, the radioactivity evaluation method by DORT, MCNP and ORIGEN-S can be applied to the radioactivity evaluation for buried disposal. In order to classify wastes from dismantling by clearance or buried disposal method according to their radioactivity levels, we also created radioactivity concentration distributions in the concrete area and graphite thermal column area.
Sakai, Akihiro
Genshiryoku Bakkuendo Kenkyu (CD-ROM), 29(1), p.48 - 54, 2022/06
no abstracts in English
Ogawa, Rina; Abe, Daichi*; Sugaya, Toshikatsu; Sakuma, Kota; Saito, Tatsuo; Sakai, Akihiro
JAEA-Technology 2022-008, 46 Pages, 2022/05
JAEA-Technology-2022-008.pdf:3.09MB
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) has planned to dispose of the Uranium-bearing waste, whose radioactivity concentration is low, in trench disposal facility. In Japan, uranium is a material to impact on human health, therefore Environmental quality standards for water pollution for uranium has been established, and the standard value is 0.002mg/L. Safety of trench disposal facilities will be assessed that radionuclides contained in the radioactive waste are transferred to the biosphere by seepage water and groundwater. Therefore, JAEA considers that not only dose evaluation but also environmental pollution evaluation is needed as a safety assessment. In this report, we examined whether the concentration of uranium leaching from the trench facility in the aquifer can meet the Environmental quality standards. In addition, parameter study under various conditions of disposal facility were done. Based on the results, conditions and issues of future basic design of trench disposal facility were discussed. The uranium concentration in the aquifer was calculated by the one-dimensional dose evaluation code "GSA-GCL2" for the disposal of LLW. As the result, the uranium concentration in the aquifer significantly changed depending on the conditions of design of disposal facility and so on. However, if the shape and arrangement of the trench facility to groundwater flow direction, the distribution coefficient of uranium of the waste layer, the specification of the impermeable layer and their combination are appropriately designed we consider that the uranium concentration of aquifer can made to adapt the environmental quality standard.
Yokozuka, Yuta; Sunaoshi, Mizuho*; Sakai, Tatsuya; Fujikura, Toshiki; Handa, Yuichi; Muraguchi, Yoshinori; Mimura, Ryuji; Terunuma, Akihiro
JAEA-Technology 2021-037, 44 Pages, 2022/03
JAEA-Technology-2021-037.pdf:10.84MB
JAEA has dismantled equipment and instrument in the JAERI's Reprocessing Test Facility (JRTF) since 1996 as a part of its decommissioning. Starting in JFY 2007, in the annex building B which stored liquid waste generated in wet reprocessing tests, the liquid waste storage tank LV-1 installed in the LV-1 room of the first basement was dismantled with the in-situ dismantling method. The dismantling work is described in this report. Data on manpower, radiation control, and waste in the preparation work were collected, and its work efficiency was analyzed.
Higuchi, Kyoko*; Kurita, Keisuke; Sakai, Takuro; Suzui, Nobuo*; Sasaki, Minori*; Katori, Maya*; Wakabayashi, Yuna*; Majima, Yuta*; Saito, Akihiro*; Oyama, Takuji*; et al.
Plants (Internet), 11(6), p.817_1 - 817_11, 2022/03
Times Cited Count：1 Percentile：72.91(Plant Sciences)Genetic diversity in the rate of Fe uptake by plants has not been broadly surveyed among plant species or genotypes, although plants have developed various Fe acquisition mechanisms. We adopted the "Live-autoradiography" technique with radioactive 
Fe to directly evaluate the uptake rate of Fe by barley cultivars from a nutrient solution containing a very low concentration of Fe. Our observations revealed that the ability to acquire Fe from the low Fe solution was not always the sole determinant of tolerance to Fe deficiency among the barley genotypes.
Kochiyama, Mami; Okada, Shota; Sakai, Akihiro
JAEA-Technology 2021-010, 61 Pages, 2021/07
JAEA-Technology-2021-010.pdf:3.56MBJAEA-Technology-2021-010(errata).pdf:0.75MB
It is necessary to evaluate the radioactivity inventory in wastes in order to dispose of radioactive wastes generated from dismantling nuclear reactor in the shallow ground. In this report, we examined radioactivity evaluation method for near surface disposal about biological shield concrete near the core generated from the dismantling of JPDR. We calculated radioactive concentration of the target biological concrete using the DORT code and the ORIGEN-S code, and we estimated radioactivity concentration Di (Bq/t). For DORT calculation, the cross-section library created from the MATXSLIB-J40 file from JENDL-4.0 was used, and for ORIGEN-S, the attached library of SCALE6.0 was used. As a result of comparing the calculation results of the radioactivity concentration with the past measured values in the radial direction and the vertical direction, we found that the trends were generally the same. We calculated radioactive concentration of the target biological concrete Di (Bq/t), and we compared with the estimated Ci (Bq/t) equivalent to the dose criteria of trench disposal calculated for 140 nuclides. As a result we inferred that the except for about 2% of target waste could be disposed of in the trench disposal facility. We also preselected important nuclides for trench disposal based on the ratios (Di/Ci) for each nuclide, H-3, C-14, Cl-36, Ca-41, Co-60, Sr-90, Eu-152 and Cs-137 were selected as important nuclides.
Nagao, Rina; Namekawa, Maki*; Totsuka, Masayoshi*; Nakata, Hisakazu; Sakai, Akihiro
JAEA-Technology 2021-009, 139 Pages, 2021/06
JAEA-Technology-2021-009.pdf:13.96MB
Japan Atomic Energy Agency is the implementing body of the near surface disposal of low-level radioactive waste (LLW) generated from research facilities and other facilities. Concrete-pit disposal are considered as a method of disposing of the LLW. Since the concrete-pits are placed at deeper position than the groundwater level, we need to consider that radionuclides might migrate with the flow of groundwater. Accordingly, in order to explain the safety of the concrete-pit disposal facility, it is necessary to investigate the flow of groundwater and the volumetric flow rate of leaching water from the facility. Therefore, in this report, sensitivity analysis of the volumetric flow rate of leaching water from concrete-pit was carried out by varying the permeability of cover-soil filled with in outside of the lateral sides of the bentonite mixed soil (BMS) and the conditions of the BMS on the upper part of the concrete-pits. As a result of the analysis, when the BMS is normal condition, the volumetric flow rate of leaching water from the concrete-pits is reduced by lowering permeability of the lateral cover-soil. However, in the case of occurring the deterioration of the function of BMS on the upper part of the concrete-pit, significant reduction of the volumetric flow rate of leaching water is not seen even if the permeability of the lateral cover-soil is lowered. Therefore, taking into consideration the possibility of the deterioration of the function of BMS on the upper part of the concrete-pit, it is necessary to consider that cover-soil with low permeability is equipped on the upper part of the BMS.
Nakagawa, Akinori; Oyokawa, Atsushi; Murakami, Masashi; Yoshida, Yukihiko; Sasaki, Toshiki; Okada, Shota; Nakata, Hisakazu; Sugaya, Toshikatsu; Sakai, Akihiro; Sakamoto, Yoshiaki
JAEA-Technology 2021-006, 186 Pages, 2021/06
JAEA-Technology-2021-006.pdf:54.45MB
Radioactive wastes generated from R&D activities have been stored in Japan Atomic Energy Agency. In order to reduce the risk of taking long time to process legacy wastes, countermeasures for acceleration of waste processing and disposal were studied. Work analysis of waste processing showed bottleneck processes, such as evaluation of radioactivity concentration, segregation of hazardous and combustibles materials. Concerning evaluation of radioactivity concentration, a radiological characterization method using a scaling factor and a nondestructive gamma-ray measurement should be developed. The number of radionuclides that are to be selected for the safety assessment of the trench type disposal facility can decrease using artificial barriers. Hazardous materials, will be identified using records and nondestructive inspection. The waste identified as hazardous will be unpacked and segregated. Preliminary calculations of waste acceptance criteria of hazardous material concentrations were conducted based on environmental standards in groundwater. The total volume of the combustibles will be evaluated using nondestructive inspection. The waste that does not comply with the waste acceptance criteria should be mixed with low combustible material waste such as dismantling concrete waste in order to satisfy the waste acceptance criteria on a disposal facility average. It was estimated that segregation throughput of compressed waste should be increased about 5 times more than conventional method by applying the countermeasures. Further study and technology development will be conducted to realize the plan.
Sugaya, Toshikatsu; Abe, Daichi*; Okada, Shota; Nakata, Hisakazu; Sakai, Akihiro
JAEA-Technology 2021-004, 79 Pages, 2021/05
JAEA-Technology-2021-004.pdf:2.86MBJAEA-Technology-2021-004(errata).pdf:0.38MB
JAEA has aims to carry out near surface disposal of low-level radioactive waste generated from research, medical, and industrial facilities. Therefore, radioactivity concentration corresponding to dose criteria of near surface disposal for 220 nuclides in the waste were calculated for the purpose of discussion for radioactivity limits between trench and concrete vault disposal, and key nuclides related to them. We calculated the radioactivity concentrations with consideration of not only the exposure pathways used at calculation of the radioactivity concentration limits of waste packages for near surface disposal by Nuclear Safety Commission but also ones used at the concentration limits for intermediate depth disposal. We also assumed the capacities of the disposal facilities as 44,000 m
for pit disposal and 150,000 m for trench disposal. The radioactivity concentrations calculated in this report is used as the reference values because the disposal site has not been decided yet. Addition to this, the radioactivity concentrations will be revised according to circumstances of development of disposal facilities and so on. In the future, we will decide the radioactivity and radioactive concentration of a waste package described in the license application documents based on the dose assessment taken into consideration the disposal site conditions.
Murakami, Masashi; Hoshino, Yuzuru; Nakatani, Takayoshi; Sugaya, Toshikatsu; Fukumura, Nobuo*; Sanda, Toshio*; Sakai, Akihiro
JAEA-Technology 2019-003, 50 Pages, 2019/06
JAEA-Technology-2019-003.pdf:4.42MB
Toward the establishment of a common approach to determine the radioactivity concentrations in dismantling wastes arising from research reactors, radionuclide concentrations in the reactor structure materials of aluminum, carbon steel, shield concrete, and graphite of TRIGA Mark II reactor at Rikkyo University, Japan, were evaluated with both radiochemical analysis and theoretical calculation. The measured nuclides by the radiochemical analysis were H, 
Co, and 
Ni in aluminum, H, Co, Ni, and 
Eu in carbon steel, H, Co, and Eu in shield concrete, and H, 
C, Co, Ni, and Eu in graphite. Neutron-flux distributions and neutron-induced activities were computed with DORT and ORIGEN-ARP codes, respectively. Using the results of material composition analysis, radioactivity concentrations were conservatively predicted with good accuracy except for graphite material.
Izumo, Sari; Hayashi, Hirokazu; Nakata, Hisakazu; Amazawa, Hiroya; Motoyama, Mitsushi*; Sakai, Akihiro
JAEA-Technology 2018-018, 39 Pages, 2019/03
JAEA-Technology-2018-018.pdf:2.8MB
JAEA has planed the near surface disposal of LLW generated from research, industrial, and medical facilities. Maximum radioactivity concentration of each waste and total radioactivity of disposed wastes are needed to be less than the permitted values in the license of disposal facility. Thus, it is important not to evaluate the radioactivity of each waste in unduly conservative ways so as to dispose of the total amount of the waste that is originally planned. Accordingly, the detection limit is required to be as low as the clearance level for the very low level radioactive waste planned to be disposed of trench-type. In this report, the feasibility of the non-destructive assay method is studied by model calculations for gamma emitters. It is confirmed that the detection limit less than the clearance level can be achieved as regards the box type metal container that is difficult to measure. This report summarizes the requirements for the non-destructive measuring equipment.
Nakata, Hisakazu; Takao, Hajime*; Chijimatsu, Masakazu*; Noma, Yasutaka*; Amazawa, Hiroya; Sakai, Akihiro
JAEA-Technology 2018-014, 43 Pages, 2019/03
JAEA-Technology-2018-014.pdf:5.91MB
Japan Atomic Energy Agency plans to install disposal facilities for radioactive waste arising from research institutes. One relevant technical standard by the safety regulation is that the disposal facility shall be performance so as not to be left with harmful voids after backfilling with soil. Additionally no harmful void needs to exist in the waste packed in metal containers. The harmful void is supposed to result in the collapse of the disposal facility after structural materials of the container deteriorate and then become a state that can not retain the structure on its own. That leads to have an adverse impact on the facility such that the shape of cover soil deforms the way in which stagnant water is likely to occure. For which reason, a waste acceptance criteria relating to the quantity of voidage in a waste package needs to be defined quantitatively, which is preliminary less than 20% in a volum ratio based on this study.
Sakai, Akihiro
Bosui Janaru, (564), p.46 - 52, 2018/11
The impermeable layer installed in trench disposal facility was designed in order to dispose of radioactive waste other than concrete and metal waste generated from research facilities, etc. In study of material of impermeable liners, weathering test in equivalent to long time was done. The test results showed that the tensile strength and the elongation percentage of HDPE that is a high elasticity type liner met standard values. However, the tensile strength of MEPE that is a medium elasticity type liner did not meet the standard value. The seepage water through several models of impermeable layers were calculated by use of the HELP code developed in U.S. The results showed that the structure that was composed of double impermeable liners, a drainage layer on the upper liner, and an impermeable sheet between the liners can be expected to have the enough performance to restrict seepage water.
Nakata, Hisakazu; Amazawa, Hiroya; Izumo, Sari; Okada, Shota; Sakai, Akihiro
Dekomisshoningu Giho, (58), p.10 - 23, 2018/09
Low level radioactive wastes are generated in the research and development of the nuclear energy, medical and industrial use of radioisotope except NPP in Japan. The disposal of wastes arising from NPP has already been implemented while not the one for wastes from research institutes etc. Japan Atomic Energy Agency therefore has been assigned an implementing organization for the disposal legally in 2008 in order to promote the disposal program as quickly and firmly as possible. Since then, JAEA has conducted their activity relating to the disposal facility design on generic site conditions and developing Waste Acceptance Criteria for LLW from research institutes. This report summarizes the WAC and current challenges.
Hayashi, Hirokazu; Izumo, Sari; Nakata, Hisakazu; Amazawa, Hiroya; Sakai, Akihiro
JAEA-Technology 2018-001, 66 Pages, 2018/06
JAEA-Technology-2018-001.pdf:4.12MBJAEA-Technology-2018-001(errata).pdf:0.54MB
It is necessary to establish evaluation methodology of radioactivity concentrations of each radionuclide in waste packages for operation of the Near-surface Trench disposal and Sub-surface Pit disposal facility in near future, which has been preparing for low-level radioactive wastes generated from research facilities in JAEA. The radionuclides containing in waste packages generated from both JRR-2 and JRR-3, which are H-3, C-14, Cl-36, Co-60, Ni-63, Sr-90, Nb-94, Tc-99, Ag-108m, I-129, Cs-137, Eu-152, Eu-154, U-234, U-238, Pu-239+240, Pu-238+Am-241, Cm-243+244, were evaluated their density based on radiochemical analysis data, and the Evaluation Methodology of the Radioactivity Concentration such as Scaling Factor method and mean activity concentration method was studied in this report.
Sakai, Akihiro; Nakata, Hisakazu; Amazawa, Hiroya
JAEA-Technology 2017-030, 176 Pages, 2018/02
JAEA-Technology-2017-030.pdf:4.09MB
At present, the reuse method for the contaminated soil generated from the decontamination of radioactive materials caused by the accident of the Tokyo Electric Power Cooperation Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant after intermediate storage is being discussed. The radioactivity concentration of contaminated soil with about 20 million cubic meters within total arising volume of the soil is less than 100 kBq/kg. Therefore, when it is assumed that contaminated soil was disposed of in the trench facility, exposure doses to public at the various exposure pathways resulting from Cs-134 and Cs-137 contained in the removal soil were calculated. From the dose calculation results, the radioactivity concentrations corresponded to reference doses that are assumed to be 0.01 mSv/y or 0.3 mSv/y were evaluated. Then, variation of the radioactivity concentrations was evaluated when the volume of disposal facility was increased taking into account variation of the volume of contaminated soil.
Sugaya, Toshikatsu; Nakatani, Takayoshi; Sakai, Akihiro
JAEA-Technology 2017-032, 21 Pages, 2018/01
[The article has been found to have a problem about reliability of the corrosion data acquisition, and thus it is unavailable to download the full text in accordance with authors' intentions to retract the report.] For the purpose of the setting of the rate of nuclide elution necessary to safety assessment, we planned the gas-accumulating type corrosion test on Zr-2.5wt%Nb alloy in order to obtain long-term corrosion rate under low temperature, low oxygen and alkaline conditions assuming the disposal environment. A corrosion rate over a testing period of 5 years is acquired with the aim to grasp a long-term corrosion rate behavior in this report. This corrosion rate is compared with the same data that was previously acquired over a testing period of 2 years. As a result, it is confirmed that an evaluation method that is proportional to the minus cubic root of corrosion time squared can be applicable to the corrosion rate behavior acquired this time over a testing period of 5 years, which is the same result in evaluating the corrosion rate behavior acquired over a testing period of 2 years.
