Geopolymer and ordinary Portland cement interface analyzed by micro-Raman and SEM

Cantarel, V.; 山岸 功

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 59(7), p.888 - 897, 2022/07

https://doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2021.2016510

Geopolymers are a class of material that could potentially be used for sealing and repair of damaged concrete structures. This application is important for both decommissioning activities and standard industrial applications. The purpose of this article is to investigate the interface between ordinary Portland cement and geopolymer. The surface microstructure of the cement is investigated by SEM, EDX, and micro-Raman after embedding in geopolymer or immersion in the activation solution of a geopolymer for various durations. It is found that immersion in the solution induces a dendritic carbonation profile into the cement structure following the CSH gel. On the contrary, embedding in the geopolymer creates a dense, impermeable interface with a thickness of a few micrometers. This interface is found to be dense and brittle and it decreases the permeability of the surface, preventing the penetration of silicates into the cement structure. However, this brittle interface is sensitive to dehydration and can rupture under intense drying. This phenomenon can be utilized to separate the geopolymer and cement but is concerning if the integrity of the material must be guaranteed under extreme conditions.

Dynamics of water in a catalyst layer of a fuel cell by quasielastic neutron scattering

伊藤 華苗; 山田 武*; 篠原 朗大*; 高田 慎一; 川北 至信

Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 125(39), p.21645 - 21652, 2021/10

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c06014

The catalyst layer (CL) in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) plays a critical role in the performance of a PEFC. In this study, we investigate the water dynamics in the CL using quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) and small-angle neutron scattering. The temperature dependence of the mean square displacement u shows that the freezing of water does not occur at a melting temperature in the Nafion thin film of the CL, suggesting that the water is confined in a smaller region than 15 . The QENS measurements established three kinds of water in the CL: immobile water tightly connected to a sulfonic group, water in a fast mode assigned to free diffusion restricted in a sphere, and water in a slow mode described by a jump diffusion model. Assuming that these three modes were independent, the number of water molecules in each mode was estimated. On discussing the structure and dynamics elucidated in the study, we finally conclude that the coupled model of the fast and slow modes is plausible for describing the diffusion of water confined in the thin Nafion film of the CL.

高い流動性および陰イオン核種保持性を有するアルカリ刺激材料の探索と様々な放射性廃棄物の安全で効果的な固化(委託研究); 令和元年度英知を結集した原子力科学技術・人材育成推進事業

廃炉環境国際共同研究センター; 北海道大学*

JAEA-Review 2020-054, 72 Pages, 2021/01

JAEA-Review-2020-054.pdf:5.62MB

日本原子力研究開発機構(JAEA)廃炉環境国際共同研究センター(CLADS)では、令和元年度英知を結集した原子力科学技術・人材育成推進事業(以下、「本事業」という)を実施している。本事業は、東京電力ホールディングス福島第一原子力発電所の廃炉等をはじめとした原子力分野の課題解決に貢献するため、国内外の英知を結集し、様々な分野の知見や経験を、従前の機関や分野の壁を越えて緊密に融合・連携させた基礎的・基盤的研究及び人材育成を推進することを目的としている。平成30年度の新規採択課題から実施主体を文部科学省からJAEAに移行することで、JAEAとアカデミアとの連携を強化し、廃炉に資する中長期的な研究開発・人材育成をより安定的かつ継続的に実施する体制を構築した。本研究は、研究課題のうち、「高い流動性および陰イオン核種保持性を有するアルカリ刺激材料の探索と様々な放射性廃棄物の安全で効果的な固化」の令和元年度の研究成果について取りまとめたものである。本研究の目的は、溜まり水処理過程で発生した放射性廃棄物の中でも鉄沈殿物を検討対象とし、安全な保管と処分を可能とする高い陰イオン核種保持性や流動性のアルカリ刺激材料とそのレシピの探索し、実プラントとして成立する固化体製作装置の概念を提案することである。本年度の検討の結果、K系アルカリ刺激材料は流動性が高くて硬化も早く、銀イオンを混入させることでヨウ化物イオン保持性の高い固化体を作製できる可能性を有していることが明らかとなった。

Online measurement of the atmosphere around geopolymers under gamma irradiation

Cantarel, V.; Lambertin, D.*; Labed, V.*; 山岸 功

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 58(1), p.62 - 71, 2021/01

https://doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2020.1801531

セメントに類似したジオポリマーを原子力分野で用いる場合に、多孔質なジオポリマーに含まれる水が放射線により分解されて発生する水素に留意する必要がある。原子力機構では、放射線による水素の発生と再結合、ジオポリマー中の水素の拡散を考慮したPRDモデルを開発してきた。本研究では、ジオポリマー試料を特殊な容器に封入し、Co-60ガンマ線で照射中の容器内ガスの水素および酸素濃度をオンライン分析した。ジオポリマーの孔を満たす水のアルカリ性が強いほど水素収量が少ない傾向が観察され、水素が再結合して水に戻る反応が顕著になることを確認した。照射中の酸素消費率は一定であり、この結果をPRDモデルから考察した。

Sr吸着繊維の吸着性能の改善と簡易的なSr分析の実現に向けた検討

堀田 拓摩; 浅井 志保*; 今田 未来; 松枝 誠; 半澤 有希子; 北辻 章浩

分析化学, 69(10/11), p.619 - 626, 2020/10

https://doi.org/10.2116/bunsekikagaku.69.619

Sr分析の迅速な前処理分離を可能とするため、基材表層部へ吸着層を形成可能な放射線乳化グラフト重合法により、Sr吸着性を示す18-クラウン-6エーテル誘導体を担持したSr分離用吸着繊維を開発した。常温で液体のSr吸着分子を繊維表面に担持させることにより、前報で作製したSr分離材料と比較してSr吸着容量が大幅に向上した。このSr吸着繊維の平衡吸着容量は、同一のSr吸着分子を含浸する市販の粒子状のSr分離材料(Sr Resin)と比較しても遜色なかった。また、Sr吸着分子の本来の金属イオン選択性は維持されていた。この吸着繊維を用いた簡易的なSr分析法を考案し、Srの吸着性能を評価したところ、Srの吸着操作から測定までを約1時間で完了することが可能であった。

On the hydrogen production of geopolymer wasteforms under irradiation

Cantarel, V.; 有阪 真; 山岸 功

Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 102(12), p.7553 - 7563, 2019/12

https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.16642

放射性廃棄物固化において、固化体からの水素発生は安全上の主要な懸念事項である。ジオポリマー材で固化する場合、材の多孔質構造中に多量の水が存在するため、水の放射線分解による水素発生が重要な因子となる。本研究では、ジオポリマー材単独またはゼオライト(模擬廃棄物)を含むジオポリマー固化体を、水飽和度と試料サイズを変えてCo 線で照射し、水素放出量を測定した。試料が塊状でサイズが大きく(円筒形40cm長)かつ水で飽和している場合(円筒形40cm長)の水素ガス放出量は1.910 mol/Jであり、粉末試料の放出量2.210 mol/Jよりも2桁小さかった。測定結果をジオポリマー中での水素の発生、再結合および拡散挙動を考慮したモデルにより解釈した。ジオポリマー中の拡散係数が既知であれば、モデルは水素放出量を水飽和度の関数として再現でき、試料サイズ40cmまでの放出量を予測できることがわかった。

Development of a water purifier for radioactive cesium removal from contaminated natural water by radiation-induced graft polymerization

瀬古 典明*; 保科 宏行*; 笠井 昇*; 柴田 卓弥; 佐伯 誠一*; 植木 悠二*

Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 143, p.33 - 37, 2018/02

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.09.007

Six years after the Fukushima-nuclear accident, the dissolved radioactive cesium (Cs) is now hardly detected inenvironmental natural waters. These natural waters are directly used as source of drinking and domestic waters in disaster-stricken areas in Fukushima. However, the possibility that some radioactive Cs adsorbed on soil or leaves will contaminate these natural waters during heavy rains or typhoon is always present. In order for the returning residents to live with peace of mind, it is important to demonstrate the safety of the domestic waters that they will use for their daily life. For this purpose, we have synthesized a material for selective removal of radioactive Cs by introducing ammonium 12-molybdophosphate (AMP) onto polyethylene nonwoven fabric through radiation-induced emulsion graft polymerization technique. Water purifiers filled with the grafted Csadsorbent were installed in selected houses in Fukushima. The capability of the grafted adsorbent to remove Cs from domestic waters was evaluated for a whole year. The results showed that the tap water filtered through the developed water purifier contained no radioactive Cs, signifying the very effective adsorption performance of thedeveloped grafted adsorbent. From several demonstrations, we have commercialized the water purifier named "KranCsair".

Phase behavior and Li ion conductivity of styrene-ethylene oxide multiblock copolymer electrolytes

Sarapas, J. M.*; 西条 賢次*; Zhao, Y.; 竹中 幹人*; Tew, G. N.*

Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 27(7), p.946 - 954, 2016/07

https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.3753

A molecular weight series of PS-PEO multiblock copolymers was synthesized by the thiol-norbornene click reaction. These materials were characterized both as neat and lithium -trifluorosulfonimide salt loading samples. The neat samples demonstrated the crystallinity increases with PEO contents. The lithium ion-containing samples had broad scattering peaks, half of which displayed disordered scattering. Fitting of disordered scattering peaks by the random phase approximation, yielded the effective Flory-huggins parameter () and radius of gyration () values that were compared to recent predictive works by Balsara and coworkers. The samples were also analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for their potential to conduct lithium ions and those with the volume fraction of PEO larger than 0.5 demonstrated robust conductivity.

Dispersing zwitterions into comb polymers for nonviral transfection; Experiments and molecular simulation

Ghobadi, A. F.*; Letteri, R.*; Parelkar, S. S.*; Zhao, Y.; Chan-Seng, D.*; Emrick, T.*; Jayaraman, A.*

Biomacromolecules, 17(2), p.546 - 557, 2016/02

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01462

We report the effect of embedding zwitterionic sulfobetaine (SB) groups in cationic comb polymers on polymer-DNA binding complexes (polyplexes), using a combination of experiments and molecular simulations. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) produced comb polymers with tetralysine (K4) and SB pendent groups. Dynamic light scattering, zeta potential measurements, and fluorescence-based experiments, together with coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, described the effect of SB groups on the size, shape, surface charge, composition, and DNA binding strength of polyplexes formed using these comb polymers. Experiments and simulations showed that increasing SB composition in the comb polymers decreased polymer-DNA binding strength, while the SB groups distributed throughout the polyplex. This allows polyplexes to maintain a positive surface charge and provide high levels of gene expression in live cells.

A Crafty utilization of intermediate-angle neutron scattering and contrast variation by water-exchange to study the microstructure of microbial cellulose

Zhao, Y.; 小泉 智*; 近藤 哲男*

JPS Conference Proceedings (Internet), 8, p.033002_1 - 033002_6, 2015/09

https://doi.org/10.7566/JPSCP.8.033002

Incoherent neutron scattering contribution presents a challenge in the structure characterization of many target materials. In this study, we introduce a method of intermediate angle neutron scattering (IANS) to correct the small angle neutron scattering (SANS) data of the water-swollen microbial cellulose (MC) sample, the system of which has significant incoherent contributions from the water solvent, and we describe the effects that the corrections have on the structural analysis. In order to elucidate the structure, the solvent is changed in situ from protonated water to deuterated water to give different scattering contrast, and this water-exchange process has been followed by time-resolved SANS and IANS simultaneously. Our results show that: (1) after incoherent correction, the structure of MC sample is proved to be invariant with solvents; (2) the scattering intensity depends only on the contrast factor, revealing a two-phase system composed of water-resistant crystalline cellulose phase and hydrated phase; (3) The cellulose crystallites have a constant scattering length density of 2.010cm, determined by the matching point at which the scattering contrast between the two phases is minimum. This value is consistent with that of 1.910cm estimated from its chemical structure.