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論文

Numerical simulation method using a Cartesian grid for oxidation of core materials under steam-starved conditions

山下 晋; 佐藤 拓未; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝; 吉田 啓之

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 60(9), p.1029 - 1045, 2023/09

 被引用回数:0 パーセンタイル:0.01(Nuclear Science & Technology)

We newly developed a detailed simulation method for the oxide layer growth/recession under steam-starved conditions using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodologies to elaborate the understanding of failure conditions of fuel assemblies during severe accidents. The new method uses the concept of the distance function in a Cartesian grid and is implemented in the original multiphase/multicomponent CFD code named JUPITER (JAEA Utility Program for Interdisciplinary Thermal-hydraulics Engineering and Research). A distance calculation of the normal direction from the interface is generally difficult in a Cartesian grid. However, the distance function can give a distance normal to the surface of materials by referring to the value of the function. Thus, the growth/recession calculations, which require the distance normal to the interface, become very easy. We checked the availability of JUPITER, considering these models against the verification and validation problems. As a result, we confirmed that JUPITER gives good results, which may contribute to understanding the progress of core degradation under steam-starved conditions.

論文

Study on chemical interaction between UO$$_{2}$$ and Zr at precisely controlled high temperatures

白数 訓子; 佐藤 拓未; 鈴木 晶大*; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 60(6), p.697 - 714, 2023/06

 被引用回数:0 パーセンタイル:75.85(Nuclear Science & Technology)

ジルカロイ被覆管とUO$$_{2}$$燃料の溶融反応のメカニズム解明に資するため、温度誤差が可能な限り最小となるよう検討を行い、1840$$^{circ}$$Cから2000$$^{circ}$$Cの範囲でZrとUO$$_{2}$$の高温反応試験を実施した。UO$$_{2}$$るつぼにZr試料を装荷し、アルゴン雰囲気中加熱を行い、生成した反応相の成長状況や溶融状態、組織変化の観察を行った。1890 $$^{circ}$$Cから1930 $$^{circ}$$Cで加熱した試料は、丸く変形しており、$$alpha$$-Zr(O)相と、少量のU-Zr-O溶体相で形成されていた。1940$$^{circ}$$C以上で加熱した試料は大きく変形し、急激に溶体形成反応が進行する様子が観測された。U-Zr-O溶体相の形成反応はZr(O)中の酸素濃度に依存し、酸素濃度の低いZr(O)へ反応はどんどん進展する。そして酸素含有量が高いZr(O)中では、U-Zr-O溶体相の生成が抑制されることが確認された。

論文

Thermodynamic analysis for solidification path of simulated ex-vessel corium

佐藤 拓未; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝; Quaini, A.*; Gu$'e$neau, C.*

CALPHAD; Computer Coupling of Phase Diagrams and Thermochemistry, 79, p.102481_1 - 102481_11, 2022/12

 被引用回数:0 パーセンタイル:0.01(Thermodynamics)

Investigation of the primary containment vessel inside the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station showed that a significant amount of the molten corium reached the bottom of the pedestal region. The molten corium and concrete likely caused a complex interaction called Molten Corium Concrete Interaction. The solidification hysteresis of these ex-vessel debris significantly influences its properties. We performed a thermodynamic analysis using the TAF-ID database to infer the solidification path of U-Zr-Al-Ca-Si-O molten corium, which was chosen for a prototypic system of ex-vessel debris. The solidification path for the CaO-rich sim-corium showed that (i) melting as a single liquid phase above 2430 K, (ii) selective solidification of the oxide-rich corium mainly consisted of fuel materials, and (iii) solidification of the remaining materials as a silicate matrix. In contrast, the solidification path for the SiO$$_{2}$$-rich corium indicated that (i) formation of liquid miscibility gap above 2200 K between U-rich and Zr-rich oxidic melts, (ii) individual precipitation of solid phases in each liquid phase.

論文

An Investigation of the microstructure and phase composition of the Zr bearing metallic debris in a bypass channel of a BWR fuel after the exothermic reaction in the CLADS-MADE-04 test

Pshenichnikov, A.; 倉田 正輝; 永江 勇二

Proceedings of International Topical Workshop on Fukushima Decommissioning Research (FDR2022) (Internet), 4 Pages, 2022/10

CLADS-MADE-04は、下部コア領域での溶融伝播挙動の理解を目的としたシリーズの次のテストである。この寄稿では、電子プローブ マイクロアナライザー(EPMA)によって調査された金属破片の微細構造を含む試験後分析の最近の結果について説明する。テスト中、制御棒ブレードの溶融は、比較的ゆっくりと(数cm/分)急激な強い熱放出の波で発生し、最も高温の領域から、劣化しつつある制御棒ブレードとチャネルボックスに沿って下方に広がり、ジルカロイ-4で作られた壁を消費した。サンプル支持板にも大きな損傷が発生した。このような金属リッチ破片の微細構造の調査により、強化された局所コア劣化のメカニズムを理解できるようになる。EPMAによる相同定を徹底した上で、放熱性が高く周囲への拡散の可能性があることを確認する必要がある。Fe-B共晶デブリとZr-Fe共晶デブリの違いについて概説する。これは、下部炉心プレートのメルトスルーと、下部プレナムへのZr-Fe溶融材料の進行の可能性を理解するために特に重要である。

論文

Ten years of Fukushima Dai-ichi post-accident research on the degradation phenomenology of the BWR core components

Pshenichnikov, A.; 柴田 裕樹; 山下 拓哉; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 59(3), p.267 - 291, 2022/03

 被引用回数:1 パーセンタイル:32.89(Nuclear Science & Technology)

The paper reviews the results of the JAEA and some International activities over the last ten years of research on the understanding of the core components melting and debris formation in boiling water reactors.

論文

Raman investigation of the CLADS-MADE-02 test debris to confirm the mechanism of the volatile and non-volatile boron compounds formation

Pshenichnikov, A.; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝

Proceedings of TopFuel 2021 (Internet), 12 Pages, 2021/10

The results of the several recent tests performed in JAEA/CLADS are outlined in this paper. However, particular point of this work is focused on the interesting effect that was found on the debris, that contained partially reacted B$$_{4}$$C (control blade debris). A Raman investigation of the control blade metallic debris helped to refine the governing mechanism of the B-compounds formation and transport, which is probably specific mostly for BWRs due to unique bundle configuration and materials morphology. All these factors may directly influence the accident progression in BWR and influence the final debris properties.

論文

A BWR control blade degradation observed in situ during a CLADS-MADE-02 test under Fukushima Dai-Ichi Unit 3 postulated conditions

Pshenichnikov, A.; 倉田 正輝; 永江 勇二

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 58(9), p.1025 - 1037, 2021/09

 被引用回数:2 パーセンタイル:47.54(Nuclear Science & Technology)

The paper summarizes the results of the control blade degradation test CLADS-MADE-02 performed in JAEA. The test focused at the beginning phase of the accident at Fukushima Dai-Ichi (1F) Unit 3. The investigation provided important data, especially on the temperature history, exhaust gas measurement and in situ video of metallic debris formation and relocation to the colder elevations under the test scenario, which reproduced oxidizing conditions during the initial phase of the 1F Unit 3 reactor heat-up. Based on the test results, some decommissioning related conclusions concerning the formation of new B-rich phases containing Cr and Fe were made.

論文

Features of a BWR neutron absorber melt relocation in an oxidative environment during the CLADS-MADE-02 test

Pshenichnikov, A.; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝

Proceedings of 28th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE 28) (Internet), 7 Pages, 2021/08

The work on the understanding of the accident progression at the Units of the Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear Power Plant (1F) is ongoing. This contribution gives a part of detailed investigations of the control blade melt propagation downwards through the prototypic BWR bundle assembly during the CLADS-MADE-02 test, where the conditions of the 1F Unit 3 was simulated. Interesting features emerged in an oxidative environment.

論文

Comparison of the observed Fukushima Dai-ichi Unit 2 debris with simulated debris from the CLADS-MADE-01 control blade degradation test

Pshenichnikov, A.; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 58(4), p.416 - 425, 2021/04

 被引用回数:9 パーセンタイル:82.73(Nuclear Science & Technology)

The paper describes the attempt of comparison of the simulated test CLADS-MADE-01 debris with the observed in the Unit 2. Similarities between them allowed to make conclusions on their possible source. During the test under postulated 1F Unit 2 simulated conditions a complex behaviour of the test sample with formation of mostly three types of debris was observed. A possible mechanism of stone-like debris formation in 1F case is discussed. The results of this paper broaden our understanding of the metallic debris properties after core degradation for a special case of steam-starved conditions at 1F Unit 2.

論文

On the degradation progression of a BWR control blade under high-temperature steam-starved conditions

Pshenichnikov, A.; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝

Mechanical Engineering Journal (Internet), 7(3), p.19-00503_1 - 19-00503_10, 2020/06

High-temperature control blade degradation tests simulating a beginning phase of a severe accident in BWRs has been comprehensively performed in Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). In the latest test, a mock-up of BWR bundle material has been investigated under postulated Fukushima Dai-Ichi (1F) Unit 2 accident conditions in a complex heating transient scenario including a phase of lack of available steam. The progress in control blade degradation was monitored with help of an in situ video and the detailed analysis of the solidified metallic melt, so-called metallic debris, was carried out by conventional SEM and XRD methods. These results indicated that the composition of the metallic debris at different elevations has been significantly changed due to the redistribution and relocation of steel elements under the influence of B and C, sometimes accompanied by a formation of high-melting-point layers. The results of this paper significantly contribute to the physical understanding of control blade degradation phenomenology during beginning phase of a core degradation for a special case of steam-starved conditions at 1F Unit 2.

論文

Segregation behavior of Fe and Gd in molten corium during solidification progress

須藤 彩子; Meszaros, B.*; Poznyak, I.*; 佐藤 拓未; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝

Journal of Nuclear Materials, 533, p.152093_1 - 152093_8, 2020/05

 被引用回数:4 パーセンタイル:46.37(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)

For a criticality assessment of the fuel debris generated by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, knowing the segregation of neutron absorber materials, ${it i.e.}$, Gd, B, and Fe, in the fuel debris is necessary. Although B may mostly evaporate during melting, Fe and Gd are expected to remain in the molten corium. To understand the redistribution behavior of Gd and Fe during the solidification of the molten corium, solidification experiments with simulated corium (containing UO$$_{2}$$, ZrO$$_{2}$$, FeO, and Gd$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$ with a small amount of simulated fission products such as MoO$$_{3}$$, Nd$$_{2}$$O$$_{3}$$, SrO, and RuO$$_{2}$$) were performed using a cold crucible induction heating method. The simulated corium was slowly cooled from 2,500$$^{circ}$$C and solidified from the bottom to the top of the melt. An elemental analysis analysis of the solidified material showed that the Fe concentration in the inner region increased up to approximately 3.4 times that in the bottom region. This suggested that FeO might be concentrated in the residual melt and that, consequently, the concentration of Fe increased in the later solidification region. On the contrary, the Gd concentration in the periphery region was found to be approximately 2.0 times higher than that in the inner region, suggesting the segregation of Gd in the early solidified phase. No significant segregation was observed for the simulated fission products.

論文

New research programme of JAEA/CLADS to reduce the knowledge gaps revealed after an accident at Fukushima-1; Introduction of boiling water reactor mock-up assembly degradation test programme

Pshenichnikov, A.; 倉田 正輝; Bottomley, D.; 佐藤 一憲; 永江 勇二; 山崎 宰春

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 57(4), p.370 - 379, 2020/04

 被引用回数:10 パーセンタイル:66.42(Nuclear Science & Technology)

The new research and development programme of JAEA/CLADS tests complement the previous investigations related to BWR severe accidents. A series of tests aiming at closing the gaps in understanding of the Fukushima Daiichi degradation sequence at each unit. The paper emphasises the problem of control blade degradation, which influences the accident progression at an early stage and shows the approach for thorough investigation of this problem.

論文

Raman characterization of the simulated control blade debris to understand the boric compounds transformations during severe accidents

Pshenichnikov, A.; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝

Mechanical Engineering Journal (Internet), 7(2), p.19-00477_1 - 19-00477_8, 2020/04

In order to address the challenge of the future Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear Power Station (1F) debris characterization a new Raman spectroscopy investigation of simulated debris obtained after two control blade degradation tests CLADS-MADE-01 and CLADS-MADE-02 has been performed. A mechanism of the B$$_{4}$$C degradation during the beginning phase of a severe accident until approximately 1873 K is described. A sequence of material interactions of B$$_{4}$$C with stainless steel resulted in partial transformation of B$$_{4}$$C granules into pure graphite, that later experienced oxidation with formation of COx gas. Especially this mechanism is active during melting phase in oxidative environment. At the same time boron was associated with formation of new Cr-B-containing solid phases in liquid melt, that continued relocation depleted by Cr and B, which resulted in redistribution of elements within the degrading reactor core. This knowledge would provide new insights for understanding of the absorber blade degradation mechanism under specific accident conditions close to 1F Unit 2 and Unit 3 reactors and especially would be helpful during potential characterization of metallic debris of 1F.

論文

Oxidation kinetics of silicon carbide in steam at temperature range of 1400 to 1800$$^{circ}$$C studied by laser heating

Pham, V. H.; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝; Bottomley, D.; 古本 健一郎*

Journal of Nuclear Materials, 529, p.151939_1 - 151939_8, 2020/02

AA2019-0197.pdf:1.61MB

 被引用回数:12 パーセンタイル:86.84(Materials Science, Multidisciplinary)

As expected for accident tolerant fuels, investigation of steam oxidation for silicon carbide under the conditions beyond design basis accident scenarios is needed. Many studies focused on steam oxidation of SiC at temperatures up 1600$$^{circ}$$C have been conducted and reported in the literature. However, behavior of SiC in steam at temperatures above 1600$$^{circ}$$C still remains unclear. To complete this task, we have designed and manufactured a laser heating facility for steam oxidation at extreme temperatures. With the facility, we report the first results on the steam oxidation behavior of SiC at temperatures range of 1400-1800$$^{circ}$$C for short term exposure of 1-7 h under atmospheric pressure. Based on the mass change of SiC samples, parabolic oxidation rate and linear volatilization rate were calculated. The oxidation layer appears to be maintained at 1800$$^{circ}$$C in steam, but the bubble formation phenomenon suggests other volatilization reactions may limit its life.

論文

Oxidation of silicon carbide in steam studied by laser heating

Pham, V. H.; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝; 古本 健一郎*; 佐藤 寿樹*; 石橋 良*; 山下 真一郎

Proceedings of International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Conference / Light Water Reactor Fuel Performance Conference (Global/Top Fuel 2019) (USB Flash Drive), p.670 - 674, 2019/09

Silicon carbide (SiC) has recently attracted much attention as a potential material for accident tolerant fuel cladding. To investigate the performance of SiC in severe accident conditions, study of steam oxidation at high temperatures is necessary. However, the study focusing on steam oxidation of SiC at temperatures above 1600$$^{circ}$$C is still certainly limited due to lack of test facilities. With the extreme oxidation/corrosion environment in steam at high temperatures, current refractory materials such as alumina and zirconia would not survive during the tests. Application of laser heating technique could be a great solution for this problem. Using laser heating technique, we can localize the heat and focus them on the test sample only. In this study, we developed a laser heating facility to investigate high-temperature oxidation of SiC in steam at temperature range of 1400-1800$$^{circ}$$C for 1-7 h. The oxidation kinetics is then being studied based on the weight gain and observation on cross-sectioned surface of tested sample using field emission scanning electron microscope. Off-gas measurement of hydrogen (H$$_{2}$$) and carbon monoxide (CO) generated during the test is also being conducted via a sensor gas chromatography. Current results showed that the SiC sample experienced a mass loss process which obeyed paralinear laws. Parabolic oxidation rate constant and linear volatilization rate constant of the process were calculated from the mass change of the samples. The apparent activation energy of the parabolic oxidation process was calculated to be 85 kJ.mol$$^{-1}$$. The data of the study also indicated that the mass change of SiC under the investigated conditions reached to its steady stage where hydrogen generation became stable. Above 1800$$^{circ}$$C, a unique bubble formation on sample surface was recorded.

論文

ウラン-ジルコニウム-鉄の混合溶融酸化物の凝固時偏析に関する基礎検討

須藤 彩子; 水迫 文樹*; 星野 国義*; 佐藤 拓未; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝

日本原子力学会和文論文誌, 18(3), p.111 - 118, 2019/08

炉心溶融物の凝固過程での冷却速度の違いは燃料デブリ構成成分の偏析に大きく影響する。偏析傾向を把握するため、模擬コリウム(UO$$_{2}$$, ZrO$$_{2}$$, FeO, B$$_{4}$$C, FP酸化物)の溶融/凝固試験を行った。模擬コリウムはAr雰囲気化で2600$$^{circ}$$まで加熱し、2つの冷却速度での降温を行った。(炉冷(平均744$$^{circ}$$C/min)および徐冷(2600$$^{circ}$$C$$sim$$2300$$^{circ}$$C:5$$^{circ}$$C/min、2300$$^{circ}$$C$$sim$$1120$$^{circ}$$C:平均788$$^{circ}$$C/min)元素分析により、炉冷条件および徐冷条件両方の固化後の試料中に3つの異なる組成を持つ酸化物相および1つの金属相が確認された。炉冷条件、徐冷条件ともにこれら3つの酸化物相へのFeO固溶度はおおよそ12$$pm$$5at%であった。この結果はUO$$_{2}$$-ZrO$$_{2}$$-FeO状態図におおよそ一致している。一方、徐冷条件での試料中に、Zrリッチ相の大粒形化が確認された。この相の組成は液相の初期組成と一致しており、遅い凝固中で液滴の連結が起こり、凝集したと評価した。

論文

Characterization of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Unit 2 sediments / debris based on the on-site video investigations in comparison to the debris obtained after integral CLADS-MADE-01 test

Pshenichnikov, A.; 倉田 正輝; 永江 勇二

第24回動力・エネルギー技術シンポジウム講演論文集(USB Flash Drive), 4 Pages, 2019/06

The new data from video investigation of the 1F Unit 2 pedestal debris performed by TEPCO was analysed. The debris features as derived from visual appearance on the video compared with the debris obtained after the CLADS-MADE-01 test. Some speculative conclusions concerning the properties and possible nature of the debris can be made.

論文

Features of a control blade degradation observed ${it in situ}$ during severe accidents in boiling water reactors

Pshenichnikov, A.; 山崎 宰春; Bottomley, D.; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝

Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 56(5), p.440 - 453, 2019/05

 被引用回数:13 パーセンタイル:85.03(Nuclear Science & Technology)

In the present paper new results using ${it in situ}$ video, are presented regarding BWR control blade degradation up to 1750 K at the beginning of a nuclear severe accident. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) mapping indicated stratification of the absorber blade melt with formation of a chromium and boride-enriched layer. High content-B- and C-containing material with increased melting temperature acted like a shielding and was found to prevent further relocation of control blade claddings. The interacted layers around the B$$_{4}$$C granules prevented direct steam attack of residual B$$_{4}$$C. The results provide new insights for understanding of the absorber blade degradation mechanism under reducing conditions specific to Fukushima Dai-Ichi Unit 2 resulting from prolonged steam starvation.

論文

Heterogeneity of BWR control blade degradation under steam-starved conditions

Pshenichnikov, A.; 山崎 宰春; 永江 勇二; 倉田 正輝

Proceedings of 27th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE-27) (Internet), 8 Pages, 2019/05

This paper presents recent results on high-temperature control blade degradation at the very beginning phase of a severe accident in BWRs. The large-scale experiment has been performed in JAEA-CLADS laboratory using Large-scale Equipment for Investigation of Severe Accidents in Nuclear reactors (LEISAN). A prototypic sequence of Fukushima Daiichi (1F) Unit 2 has been taken. It has been shown that due to specific conditions happened at Unit 2 the lack of available oxygen allowed metallic melt more flexibility for relocation and inhomogeneous redistribution of melt components due to specially recreated temperature gradient. Phase composition of remained B$$_{4}$$C control blade claddings at different elevations, and phase composition of melt has been investigated by complementary methods and have shown significant difference in elevations together with stratification of metallic components with origination of high melting point layers due to redistribution of steel components and involvement of B and C. It allowed absorber blade residuals with B$$_{4}$$C inside being severely damaged by melting to survive at 1475$$^{circ}$$C and protect B$$_{4}$$C from direct contact with steam.

論文

The Behaviour of materials in case of solidified absorber melt - oxidized BWR channel box interaction revealed after CLADS-MADE-01 test

Pshenichnikov, A.; 倉田 正輝; 永江 勇二; 山崎 宰春

Proceedings of International Topical Workshop on Fukushima Decommissioning Research (FDR 2019) (Internet), 4 Pages, 2019/05

The paper summarizes the first results of a thorough SEM investigation uncovering the process of channel box wall penetration by Fe-Cr-Ni-B containing melt. The preliminary oxidation of channel box is shown to play an important role on severe accident progression resulted in the suppression of channel box massive destruction. Only one small droplet came out to the other side of channel box. The mechanism of local beginning of oxide layer destruction with subsequent Zircaloy-4 channel box penetration is under discussion.

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